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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = κubrījō
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Ancient Cubrite
|name = Ancient Knench
|pronunciation = /'kʰubri:jɔ:/
|pronunciation =  
|region = Cyprus
|region =  
|states =  
|states =  
|speakers =  
|speakers =  
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|fam2=Semitic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Togarmo-Canaanite
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=Canaanite
}}
}}


'''Ancient Cubrite''' (natively 𐤄𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤄𐤒𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤀 ''hal-lasūn haκ-κubrījō'' 'the Cubrite language' /ʔal'lasoːn ʔak'kʰubri:ja:/ or ''hal-lasūn hat-turȳdījō'' 'the Druidic language') is the stage of [[Cubrite]] after the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the language of Near-East druidism, a form of Celtic druidism incorporating Semitic pagan elements, before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Cubrite.  
'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".


Ancient Cubrite developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Galatian. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Lõis.
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.


Surviving literature in Ancient Cubrite includes bardic poetry; one Beowulf-length heroic epic, ''Tabarē Harδȳr'' (Tales of Arthur); incantations; and instructions for various rituals.
Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
 
Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
 
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)


==Todo==
==Todo==
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*Vowel reduction:  
*Vowel reduction:  
**final originally unstressed long > short
**final originally unstressed long > short
*ō > ū > ȳ > ȳ?


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Ancient Cubrite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.


Since Ancient Cubrite merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.
Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Cubrite merged:
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
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* /s/ and /š/ into /s/
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/


On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Cubrite#Mutations|#Mutations]]).
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}}


/m p b f v n t d (ʔ)tʰ θ ð ts s̺ tsʰ ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g (ʔ)kʰ x l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ x l w y r h''}}
===Vowels===
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.


===Vowels===
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
Ancient Cubrite retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'' > ''ū'', similar to Punic and [[Judeo-Gaelic]] Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.


'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ê î ô û ŷ''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː yː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː yːː/
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
* ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses'
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'


Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Hebrew to Ancient Cubrite, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
# Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''.
# By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ūδ''.
# Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article ''haC-'', prepositions ''ka-'' 'and', ''li-'' 'dative', ''bi-'' 'locative/instrumental', ''miC-'' 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.
====Intonation====
Finnish-like or Hungarian-like


==Morphophonology==
==Morphophonology==
===Mutations===
Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:
*beth /p/ → /b/
*pe /f/ → /v/
*daleth /t/ → /d/
*taw /θ/ → /ð/
*gimel /k/ → /g/
*kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
*zayin /ts/ → /dz/
*samekh /s/ → /z/
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Independent====
====Independent====
*1sg: ''hani, ni''
*1sg: ''hani, ni''
*2sg: ''haθθa, θa'' (m); ''haθθe, θe'' (f)
*2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
*1pl: ''haħnu''
*1pl: ''haħnu''
*2pl: ''haθθemma, θemma'' (m); ''haθθenna, θenna'' (f)
*2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f)
*3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)
*3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)


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The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.


Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ṓ''. Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ūδ'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  
Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  


Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.


The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
Example with ''sȳs'' 'horse' and ''sȳsō'' 'female horse':
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Noun declension'''
! number
!colspan=2| singular
!colspan=2| plural
|-
! gender
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sȳsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''sȳsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! def.
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sȳs'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːs/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sȳsō'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''has-sȳsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''has-sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! const.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sȳsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sȳsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! "my"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sȳsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sȳsajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsai/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ ''sȳsuδajj''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðai/
|-
! "thy" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sȳsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγa''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
|-
! "thy" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sȳsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγe''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
|-
! "his"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sȳsū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sȳsaδū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ ''sȳsû'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ ''sȳsuδû''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
|-
! "her"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsaδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ ''sȳseyô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsejaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ ''sȳsuδēyô''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
|-
! "our"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sȳsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sȳsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ ''sȳsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδēnu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
|-
! "y'all's" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sȳsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ ''sȳsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγem''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
|-
! "y'all's" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ ''sȳsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγen''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
|-
! "their" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsaδōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎  ''sȳsêm, sȳsēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ ''sȳsuδêm, sȳsuδēmu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
|-
! "their" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsaδōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ ''sȳsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδên''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
|}
TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns


====Other inflections====
====Other inflections====
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todo: get rid of 3fp forms
todo: get rid of 3fp forms


Ancient Cubrite used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''pûlêl'' and ''pûlal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Cubrite.
Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench.


Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
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*infinitive absolute
*infinitive absolute


The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''xī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
Line 651: Line 548:


====Gzarot====
====Gzarot====
:''Main article: [[Ancient Cubrite/Gzarot]]''
:''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]''


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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*li- = to, for, of
*li- = to, for, of
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*tum = like, as
*tum la- = like, as
*miC- = from
*miC- = from
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
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*ja3n = because
*ja3n = because
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ancient Cubrite syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).


===Tense constructions===
===Tense constructions===
Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
Line 692: Line 589:


Hypothetical example:  
Hypothetical example:  
:'''''wayyê vaȝm waθθê lōħamō, pūdīγō smô. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋō, hinni hajōδō rū-ħūljaδ hābō.'''''  
:'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.'''''  
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''


===Wishes===
===Wishes===
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
:'''''ħajjūδ hō-hasirūδ wa jagallȳ niᴛavūδ ham-mumallihūδ bō-harc xullô wa baθ-θūruκō bô.'''''
:'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.'''''
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''


A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
One can also simply use the present dependent.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Ancient Cubrite vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
===Derivation===
===Derivation===
====Mishkalim====
====Mishkalim====
Line 709: Line 608:
*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīm (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
Line 736: Line 635:


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Ha'azinu (from the Bible)===
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<poem>
Idiomatic Ancient Cubrite
''hāzīnū, has-samēm, pi-dappirī; sumȝī, hā-harc, millȳlē fî.''
[ˈhaːz̪iːnuː as̺ˈs̺ameːm pɪˈdapːɪriː, s̺umʟiː aːˈharˀts ˈmɪllyːleː fiːː]
''θesᴛuv θūraδī tum ham-maᴛar, θezzal himraδī tum haᴛ-ᴛal,''
[ˈθɛs̺tʰʊv θuːraðiː tʊm amˈmaˀtʰar, θɛs̪s̪al ˈhimraðiː tʊm aˀtˈtʰal]
''tum neδīz ȝalē dās, χa dum rū·neᴛīvō ȝalē ȝiśp.''
[tʊm ˈnɛðiːz̪ ˈʟaleː daːs̺, xa dʊm ˈruːˈnɛˀtʰiːvɔː ˈʟaleː ʟeɬp]
''jaȝn sim jāwē ze hiᴋrō; hūdū kadulaδ hilūhēnu,''
[jɑʟn s̺ɪm ˈjaːweː z̪ɛ ˈheˀkʰrɔː, ˈhuːduː ˈkadʊlað ˈɪluːheːnuː]
''hac-cȳr hār rū·muδūmam fuȝlū, jaȝn mesfaᴛ taraχaw χullōn,''
[aˀˈtsːyːr aːr ˈruːˈmʊðuːmam ˈfoʟluː, jɑʟn ˈmɛs̺faˀtʰ ˈtaraxaw ˈxʊlːɔːn]
''hilû hamin wēn zadō; cattīᴋ χa jasar hū.''
[ˈhiluːː ˈhamɪn weːn s̪adɔː, ˈtsattiːˀk xa ˈjas̺ar huː]
</poem>
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<poem>
Masoretic Text, L-Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation
הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם, וַאֲדַבֵּרָה;  וְתִשְׁמַע הָאָרֶץ, אִמְרֵי-פִי. 
[haːʔaˈziːnuː haʃʃɔːˈmaːjim vaːʔaðabˈbeːɹɔː　vaθiʃˈmaːːʕ hɔːˈʔɔːʀɛtsʼ ʔimˈɹeːˈfiː]
יַעֲרֹף כַּמָּטָר לִקְחִי,  תִּזַּל כַּטַּל אִמְרָתִי,
[jaːʕaˈɹoːːf kʰammɒːˈtʼɒːːr liqˈħiː　tʰizˈzaːːl kʰɑtˈtʼɑːːl ʔimɹɔːˈθiː]
כִּשְׂעִירִם עֲלֵי-דֶשֶׁא,  וְכִרְבִיבִים עֲלֵי-עֵשֶׂב.
[kʰisʕiːˈɹiːːm ʕaleːˈðɛːʃɛː　vaχiɹviːˈviːːm ʕaleːˈʕeːsɛv]
כִּי שֵׁם יְהוָה, אֶקְרָא:  הָבוּ גֹדֶל, לֵאלֹהֵינוּ.
[kʰiː ʃeːemʔaðoːˈnɔːːj ʔɛkʼˈɹɔː　hɔːˈvuː ˈʁoːðɛl lèːloːˈheːnuː]
תָּמִים פָּעֳלוֹ,  כִּי כָל-דְּרָכָיו מִשְׁפָּט: 
[hɑsˈsˁuːːr tʰɔːˈmiːːm pʰɔːʕɔˈloː　kʰiːχɔldɑrɒːˈχɔːːv miʃˈpʰɒːːtʼ]
אֵל אֱמוּנָה וְאֵין עָוֶל,  צַדִּיק וְיָשָׁר הוּא.
[ˈʔeːːl ʔɛmuːˈnɔː veˈʔeːːn ˈʕɔːvɛl　tsʼɑdˈdiːːkʼ vijɔːˈʃɔːːɹ ˈhuː]
</poem>
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<poem>
English (tr. A. Z. Foreman)
Heavens give ear as I speak!　 Let Earth hear words from my lips,
And my teachings drop like rain,　my sayings run like dew
As a shower over grass,　as a downpour over plants
For I herald the name of Yahweh.　Hail greatness in our god,
The Rock whose work is perfect,　for His every way is justice,
A steadfast god of no wrong,　right and upright He is.
<!--His degenerate sons wronged Him,　a sick and crooked lot.
Is THIS how you repay Yahweh?　You people, depraved and stupid. 
Is He not your Father who made you? Who ordered you, shaped you, sustained you? -->
</poem>
{{col-end}}
===An incantation===
===An incantation===
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Cubrite poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):


[...]
[...]
Line 796: Line 642:
===A ritual===
===A ritual===
===An excerpt===
===An excerpt===
=== Ha'azinu ===
TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns


==Modern uses==
<poem>
Modern adaptations of Proto-Azalic and Ancient Cubrite are used in certain New Age spiritual communities in Lõis, with ad hoc and often divergent pronunciation systems, as modern Levantine sprachbund languages do not have the phonation distinctions of the ancient languages.
hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî.
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal,
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb.
</poem>


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==
Line 807: Line 658:
*''hinni'' = but
*''hinni'' = but


===p===
===b===
*''pēδ'' = house
*''bēt'' = house


===k===
===g===
===t===
===d===
===w===
===w===
===z===
===z===
Line 819: Line 670:
===ħ===
===ħ===
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
*''ħabaK'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħawō'' = to live
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta)


===ᴛ===
===ᴛ===
===j===
===j===
===x===
===k===
*x-p-t
*k-b-d
**''xabed'' 'liver'
**''kabed'' 'liver'
**''xabid'' 'heavy'
**''kabid'' 'heavy'
**''xabūd'' 'honor'
**''kabūd'' 'honor'
**''xippid'' 'to honor'
**''kibbid'' 'to honor'
**''xabudō'' 'esteemed position'  
**''kabudō'' 'esteemed position'  
***''hax-xabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
**''maxped'' 'scale, balance'
**''makped'' 'scale, balance'
*''xin'' 'and'
*''kin, ka-'' 'and'


===l===
===l===
Line 842: Line 695:
===ȝ===
===ȝ===
*''ȝarábō'' = willow
*''ȝarábō'' = willow
===f===
===p===
*''fárrō'' = cow
*''párrō'' = cow


===c===
===c===
Line 850: Line 703:
*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate
*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate


===θ===
===t===
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
IlL
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