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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = *hax-xana3nījō
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Ancient Crannish
|name = Ancient Knench
|pronunciation =  
|pronunciation =  
|region =  
|region =  
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}}
}}


'''Ancient Crannish''' (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Crannish]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Crannish]]. Ancient Crannish was spoken in Iberia.
'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".


Ancient Crannish developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.


Ancient Crannish speakers were mostly Celts who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).


Surviving literature in Ancient Crannish are all attested as transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes bardic poetry, a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.


(Grimm should happen during Old Crannish stage)
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)


==Todo==
==Todo==
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*Vowel reduction:  
*Vowel reduction:  
**final originally unstressed long > short
**final originally unstressed long > short
* Two mythical ravens Hūgin 'he who contemplates' (h-g-y) and Mūnin 'he who decides' (m-n-y)? Need nunation, change m pl to -īn


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Ancient Crannish was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.


Since Ancient Crannish merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.
Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Crannish merged:
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/
On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Crannish#Mutations|#Mutations]]).


/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}}
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ancient Crannish retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to Punic and [[Judeo-Gaelic]] Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.


'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/


Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Crannish:
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Crannish, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
# Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''.
# By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ūδ''.
# Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article ''haC-'', prepositions ''ka-'' 'and', ''li-'' 'dative', ''bi-'' 'locative/instrumental', ''miC-'' 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.


==Morphophonology==
==Morphophonology==
===Mutations===
Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:
*beth /p/ → /b/
*pe /f/ → /v/
*daleth /t/ → /d/
*taw /θ/ → /ð/
*gimel /k/ → /g/
*kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
*zayin /ts/ → /dz/
*samekh /s/ → /z/
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.


Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ṓ''. Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ūδ'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  
Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  


Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.


The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
Example with ''sȳs'' 'horse' and ''sȳsō'' 'female horse':
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Noun declension'''
! number
!colspan=2| singular
!colspan=2| plural
|-
! gender
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sȳsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''sȳsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! def.
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sȳs'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːs/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sȳsō'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''has-sȳsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''has-sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! const.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sȳsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sȳsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sȳsūδ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
|-
! "my"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sȳsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sȳsajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsai/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ ''sȳsuδajj''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðai/
|-
! "thy" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sȳsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγa''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
|-
! "thy" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sȳsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγe''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
|-
! "his"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sȳsū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sȳsaδū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ ''sȳsû'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ ''sȳsuδû''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
|-
! "her"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsaδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ ''sȳseyô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsejaːː/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ ''sȳsuδēyô''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
|-
! "our"
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sȳsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sȳsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ ''sȳsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδēnu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
|-
! "y'all's" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sȳsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ ''sȳsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγem''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
|-
! "y'all's" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ ''sȳsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδēγen''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
|-
! "their" (m)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsaδōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎  ''sȳsêm, sȳsēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ ''sȳsuδêm, sȳsuδēmu''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
|-
! "their" (f)
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsaδōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ ''sȳsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ ''sȳsuδên''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
|}
TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns


====Other inflections====
====Other inflections====
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todo: get rid of 3fp forms
todo: get rid of 3fp forms


Ancient Crannish used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''pûlêl'' and ''pûlal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Crannish.
Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench.


Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
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*infinitive absolute
*infinitive absolute


The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''xī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
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====Gzarot====
====Gzarot====
:''Main article: [[Ancient Crannish/Gzarot]]''
:''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]''


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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*ja3n = because
*ja3n = because
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ancient Crannish syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).


===Tense constructions===
===Tense constructions===
Ancient Crannish preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
Line 700: Line 589:


Hypothetical example:  
Hypothetical example:  
:'''''wayyê vaȝm waθθê lōħamō, pūdīγō smô. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋō, hinni hajōδō rū-ħūljaδ hābō.'''''  
:'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.'''''  
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''


===Wishes===
===Wishes===
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
:'''''ħajjūδ hō-hasirūδ wa jagallȳ niᴛavūδ ham-mumallihūδ bō-harc xullô wa baθ-θūruκō bô.'''''
:'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.'''''
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''


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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Ancient Crannish vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
===Derivation===
===Derivation===
====Mishkalim====
====Mishkalim====
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*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīm (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Ha'azinu (from the Bible)===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Ancient Crannish
''hāzīnū, has-samēm, pi-dappirī; sumȝī, hā-harc, jūδ millūlē fî.''
[ˈhaːz̪iːnuː as̺ˈs̺ameːm pɪˈdapːɪriː, s̺umʁ̃ˁiː aːˈharˀts juːð ˈmɪlluːleː fiːː]
''θesᴛuv θūraδī tum lam-maᴛar, θezzal himraδī tum laᴛ-ᴛal,''
[ˈθɛs̺tʰʊv θuːraðiː tʊm lamˈmaˀtʰar, ˈθɛs̪s̪al ˈhimraðiː tʊm laˀtˈtʰal]
''tum la-naδz ȝalē dās, χa dum la-rū·neᴛīvō ȝalē ȝiśp.''
[tʊm laˈnaðz̪ ˈʁ̃ˁaleː daːs̺, xa dʊm laˈruːˈnɛˀtʰiːvɔː ˈʁ̃ˁaleː ʁ̃ˁeɬp]
''jaȝn sim jāwē ze hiᴋrō; hūdū jūδ kadulaδ hilūhēnu,''
[jɑ̃ʁ̃ˁn s̺ɪm ˈjaːweː z̪ɛ ˈheˀkʰrɔː, ˈhuːduː juːð ˈkadʊlað ˈɪluːheːnuː]
''hac-cūr hār muδūmam fuȝlū, jaȝn mesfaᴛ taraχaw χullōn,''
[aˀˈtsːuːr aːr ˈmʊðuːmam ˈfõʁ̃ˁluː, jɑ̃ʁ̃ˁn ˈmɛs̺faˀtʰ ˈtaraxaw ˈxʊlːɔːn]
''hilû hamin wēn zadō; cattīᴋ χa jasar hū.''
[ˈhiluːː ˈhamɪn weːn s̪adɔː, ˈtsattiːˀk xa ˈjas̺ar huː]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Masoretic Text, L-Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation
הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם, וַאֲדַבֵּרָה;  וְתִשְׁמַע הָאָרֶץ, אִמְרֵי-פִי. 
[haːʔaˈziːnuː haʃʃɔːˈmaːjim vaːʔaðabˈbeːɻɔː　vaθiʃˈmaːːʕ hɔːˈʔɔːɻɛtsʼ ʔimˈɻeːˈfiː]
יַעֲרֹף כַּמָּטָר לִקְחִי,  תִּזַּל כַּטַּל אִמְרָתִי,
[jaːʕaˈɻoːːf kʰammaːˈtʼɑːːɻ ɭikʼˈħiː　tʰizˈzaːːl kʰɑtˈtʼɑːːl ʔimɻɔːˈθiː]
כִּשְׂעִירִם עֲלֵי-דֶשֶׁא,  וְכִרְבִיבִים עֲלֵי-עֵשֶׂב.
[kʰisʕiːˈɻiːːm ʕaleːˈðɛːʃɛː　vaχɪɻviːˈviːːm ʕaleːˈʕeːsɛv]
כִּי שֵׁם יְהוָה, אֶקְרָא:  הָבוּ גֹדֶל, לֵאלֹהֵינוּ.
[kʰiː ʃeːemʔaðoːˈnɔːːj ʔɛkʼˈɹɔː　hɔːˈvuː ˈʁoːðɛl leːloːˈheːnuː]
תָּמִים פָּעֳלוֹ,  כִּי כָל-דְּרָכָיו מִשְׁפָּט: 
[hɑtˈtsʼuːːr tʰɔːˈmiːːm pʰɔːʕɔˈloː　kʰiːχɔldɑɹɒːˈχɔːːv miʃˈpʰɒːːtʼ]
אֵל אֱמוּנָה וְאֵין עָוֶל,  צַדִּיק וְיָשָׁר הוּא.
[ˈʔeːːl ʔɛmuːˈnɔː veˈʔeːːn ˈʕɔːvɛl　tsʼɑdˈdiːːkʼ vijɔːˈʃɔːːɻ ˈhuː]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
English (tr. A. Z. Foreman)
Heavens give ear as I speak!　 Let Earth hear words from my lips,
And my teachings drop like rain,　my sayings run like dew
As a shower over grass,　as a downpour over plants
For I herald the name of Yahweh.　Hail greatness in our god,
The Rock whose work is perfect,　for His every way is justice,
A steadfast god of no wrong,　right and upright He is.
<!--His degenerate sons wronged Him,　a sick and crooked lot.
Is THIS how you repay Yahweh?　You people, depraved and stupid. 
Is He not your Father who made you? Who ordered you, shaped you, sustained you? -->
</poem>
{{col-end}}
===An incantation===
===An incantation===
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Crannish poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):


[...]
[...]
Line 806: Line 642:
===A ritual===
===A ritual===
===An excerpt===
===An excerpt===
=== Ha'azinu ===
TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns
<poem>
hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî.
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal,
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb.
</poem>


==Lexicon==
==Lexicon==
Line 814: Line 658:
*''hinni'' = but
*''hinni'' = but


===p===
===b===
*''pēδ'' = house
*''bēt'' = house


===k===
===g===
===t===
===d===
===w===
===w===
===z===
===z===
Line 826: Line 670:
===ħ===
===ħ===
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
*''ħabaK'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħawō'' = to live
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta)


===ᴛ===
===ᴛ===
===j===
===j===
===x===
===k===
*x-p-t
*k-b-d
**''xabed'' 'liver'
**''kabed'' 'liver'
**''xabid'' 'heavy'
**''kabid'' 'heavy'
**''xabūd'' 'honor'
**''kabūd'' 'honor'
**''xippid'' 'to honor'
**''kibbid'' 'to honor'
**''xabudō'' 'esteemed position'  
**''kabudō'' 'esteemed position'  
***''hax-xabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
**''maxped'' 'scale, balance'
**''makped'' 'scale, balance'
*''xin'' 'and'
*''kin, ka-'' 'and'


===l===
===l===
Line 849: Line 695:
===ȝ===
===ȝ===
*''ȝarábō'' = willow
*''ȝarábō'' = willow
===f===
===p===
*''fárrō'' = cow
*''párrō'' = cow


===c===
===c===
Line 857: Line 703:
*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate
*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate


===θ===
===t===
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
IlL
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