User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4
IlL/Spare pages 1/4 is a Wiebian lect and the official language of the Verse:Kurm Republic. It's inspired by Irish and Chinese: it's a monosyllabic tonal language with palatalized consonants and initial consonant mutations.
Sound changes
- s!x > sng! > hng <sng>
- sch > s!= > k= <sc>
From Schnueher page:
Tone from French style weakening of finals? (-d, -t > high (short V)/rising (long V); -s > low (short V)/falling (long V); -de/-te > -t)
final stops > high tone; final -Ce > final -C; final -l > ŋ
nasal vowels > vowel + w
-s would still serve as a tone marker
⟨ach⟩ /âː/
Some AW sources for finals:
- -p < -fe, -ffe, -pf(e), -be
- -t < -de, -te
- -k < -cke
- -m < -me, -mpfe
- -n < -ne, -nde, -nze
- -ŋ < -nge, -nke, -l, -le
- -l should color heavily: chain shift ii, ɪɪ, ee, ɛɛ > yy, ʏʏ, øø, œœ > uu, ʊʊ, oo, ɔɔ
- -w < -m, -n, -nd, -ng, -nk, -b, -f
- -ː < -ge
- -j < -tz, -tze, -sche, -st, -ste, -che (ich-laut), -se
- -h < -re, -che
Uncategorized: -mpf, -mpfe, -nd, -nde, -nz, -nze, -nk, -nke > -m(h), -n(ʔ), -n(h), -ŋ(ʔ)?
Phonology
Phonotactics
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.
Initials
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | Laryngeal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| broad | slender | broad | slender | broad | slender | slender | broad | |||
| Nasal | voiceless | ʰmˠ | ʰmʲ | ʰn̪ˠ | ʰnʲ | ʰɲ | ʰŋ | |||
| voiced | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Stop /Affricate |
plain | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | c | k | ʔ | ||
| tense | pˠ˭ | pʲ˭ | t̪ˠ˭ | tʲ˭ | c˭ | k˭ | ||||
| voiced | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɟ | g | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fˠ | fʲ | θˠ | θʲ | sˠ | sʲ | ç | x | h |
| voiced | vˠ | vʲ | ðˠ | ðʲ | zˠ | zʲ | j | ɣ | ||
| Trill | voiceless | ʰrˠ | ʰrʲ | |||||||
| voiced | rˠ | rʲ | ||||||||
| Lateral | voiceless | ʰl̪ˠ | ʰlʲ | |||||||
| voiced | l̪ˠ | lʲ | ||||||||
- /ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written sm sn sng sl sr.
- /p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written sp st sc.
Vowels
/ˠa ˠi ˠo ˠu ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ùa
/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ ea i à è/èi aoì eò iù ìa
Finals
The allowed finals are: /p t k m n ŋ r j w/ ⟨b d g m n l/ng r dh/igh bh⟩
Tones
Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)
Short vowels are toneless. (cf. "entering tone" in Middle Chinese)
Mutations
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | t | d | s | z | c | g | ∅ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /p/ | /b/ | /f/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ʔ/ |
| Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | th | dh | sh | zh | ch | gh | ∅ |
| IPA | /v/ | /f/ | /v/ | /ʔ/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /h/ | /ʔ/ | /x/ | /ɣ~j/ | /ʔ/ |
| Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | bhf | dt | nd | zs | - | gc | n-g | n- |
| IPA | - | /b/ | /m/ | /v/ | /d/ | /n/ | /z/ | - | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /n/ |
In addition, h-prothesis adds h- to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
Morphology
Nouns
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Compound words are head-final: sóng-truu = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)
For indefinite nouns, attributive adjectives follow the noun and do not mutate: gai gau 'a tall tree/tall trees', truu gau 'a long book/long books'.
For definite nouns, attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun: an gau gai 'the tall tree', an n-gau dtruu 'the long book'
Verb phrase
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.
Tense:
- present: no marker
- seau /sɛ̄ːw/ = 'dies' (< AW zernen), ec /ʔɛk/ = 'buys' (< AW eckern)
- past: hyng + lenition (< AW schillen 'finish')
- hyng sheau /hʏ̄ŋ hɛ̄ːw/ = 'died', hyng ec /hʏ̄ŋ ʔɛk/ = 'bought'
- future: ngéa + h-prothesis ( < AW Đerz 'wish')
- ngéa seau /ŋɛ́ː sɛ̄ːw/ = 'will die', ngéa h-ec /ŋɛ́ː hɛk/ 'will buy'
- Verbal nouns: go- + lenition (from ge-)
Connectives:
- zet + lenition: 'when' (< AW sätter 'eventually')
- dài + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW deichen)
- ppaang + lenition < 'but, however' (spaler 'unfortunately')
Derivational morphology
- ba- + lenition (from be-): verbalizer
- ba-bhì: 'nasalize' < bì 'nose'
- go- + lenition (from ge-): nominalizer
- also for- (from ver-)
- inn-: increments a verb's valency
- sar-: decrements a verb's velency