User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
Venetian Hebrew (ngiwrith /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a descendant of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. The phonology is similar to Allemañisch.
Numbers: 0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), hnay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaxør
11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszøŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
40: stay ngaxre
60: hlusz ngaxre
...
120: merkø
14400: rúø
before: kkurm
Introduction
- Swadesh list
- bel-, ble- is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
- Ni bø løhabiw ngiwrith, khozuth ni bø lødhabir akh ttipøth ngiwrith.
- I like Hebrew, but I only know a little bit of Hebrew.
- tøthunith = Þiúsьk
- volith = some Celtic language
- Am yaging li... = May I...
- szang sze... = when...
- Many adverbs are from infinitive absolute
- likkori = to die (lit. be called)
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
/m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ ⟨m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r⟩
Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
Mutations
Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
"Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
Vowels
/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = ⟨a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ⟩
Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
Prosody
Stress
Stress is always penultimate.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns and adjectives
Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
- The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
- The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
- The regular feminine plural is -uth.
- However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. benusz, blenusz = human
køfor, køfori (m) = village, villages
bagbøg, bagbøgi (m) = bottle, bottles
i, iyø (m) = island, islands
kkiszø, kkiszøyø (m) = squash, squashes
gøfø, gøfuth (f) = corpse, corpses
tagrith, tagriyuth (f) = incident, incidents
Pronouns
Venetian Hebrew has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural tem is also used as a polite pronoun.
Auxiliaries
→ Person ↓ Truth value |
1sg | 2sg.m | 2sg.f | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl.in | 2pl | 3pl | Non-pronominal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affirmative | ni | to | te | u | i | nanu, onu, nu | tem | em | re, r' |
Interrogative | am ni | am to | am te | am u | am i | am nu | am tem | am em | am |
Negative | eneni | en to | en te | en u | en i | en nu | en tem | en em | en |
→ Person ↓ Truth value |
1sg | 2sg.m | 2sg.f | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl.in | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affirmative | si ni, si thi | si tho | si the | so u | sto i | si nu | si them | su'm |
→ Person ↓ Truth value |
1sg | 2sg.m | 2sg.f | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl.in | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affirmative | lekh ni | tlekh to | tlekh te | lekh u | tlekh i | lekh nu | tlekh tem | lekh em |
→ Person ↓ Truth value |
1sg | 2sg.m | 2sg.f | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl.in | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affirmative | és ni | tás to | tás te | yás u | tás i | nás nu | tásu tem | yásu'm |
Perfect: present copula + ár (negated: bli)
Syntax
Constituent order
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
- R'iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.
- The man is eating the apple.
- Re bethi ni bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.
- My house is as big as a whale.
- Sto i lásuth halgbethø i bø rø-múhør.
- She did her homework very late.
Noun phrase
The definite article is a clitic:
- Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
- Plural: -il
Examples:
- hadhør = a room
- hadhraz = the room
- hadhri = rooms
- hadhril = the rooms
- hadhør grul = a big room
- hadhør grulaz = the big room (< ha hadheor ha godhowl ha ze)
- boti gruli = big houses
- boti grulil = the big houses
- tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u = The apple, the man eats it
There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatentation: szem malkaz = the king's name.
To say "this X" or "that X", X-az fu and X-az szom (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ze fu and ze szom (where the ze becomes ilø in the plural).
The abstract demonstrative is zuth.
Verb phrase
Isz li rangu "I'm hungry"
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Kku kol blenuszil ledhø kø wlehuri, hem szowi ngar kúdhaz ke skhøyuthil. Kku'm lehangnig bø thwønø ke matspøn, ke re ngalem léthnágh ódh lø hni bø nøszomø ahwø.
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Tower of Babel
- Bø khol ngulømaz tho áth sofø bø kkáth ledhabir ke uthøm miluthil lisztamisz.
- Wini ksze yu'm bø losangøth me mizroh, su'm litakkil bø miszoraz Szinngor ke lithyaszew szom.
- Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lásuth lwenuth ke léfuth em ettew." Ke su lwenuthil leszamisz lom em kø awnebniyø, ke hemør kø mald.
- Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, bu tonu lewnuth ngir ke mídøl bo i, yás ruszu u laging le szomay, ki nás nu lásuth lonu szem, klu nás nu lithpazir ngal pli kol ngulømaz!"
- Wini so Eluim lowu matø, sze yás u listakil ngiraz ke mídølaz sze yu blenuszil bø lewnuth.
- Ke so Eluim lemur: "Szang sze em ár hatholø lásuth zuth kø ódh ngom sze bø ledhabir áth sofø, lu yiye szum mikhszul ngal ma u ma sze yásu'm lithkawin lásuth!
- "Enø, bu tonu lekht matø ke løwalbil soføthom em, pen yásu'm láwin szuthif."
- Kokh so Eluim løfazir em, ke su'm lahdul lewnuth ngiraz.
- Ke mi sibøzu fu sze ngiraz bø kkáth szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so Eluim løwalbil sofø kol ngulømaz. Me szom so Eluim løfazir em ngal pni kol ngulømaz.