Jotadiego

User:Jotadiego (view source)

Revision as of 06:35, 6 March 2017

884 bytes added , 6 March 2017

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Jotadiego

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 '''INCOMPLETE LIST'''
-I've got ''quite a few'' conlangs (the length of this list may prove that to be an understatement) though, unfortunately, most of them are underdeveloped (some are hardly more than sketches). While I'm certainly not developing all of them at a time most (if not all) could be said to be active in the sense that, from time to time, I'll review them and translate a thing or two (this has become specially the case in 2015, when I imposed myself the goal of coining a word each day alternating between my conlangs).
+I've got ''quite a few'' conlangs (the length of this list may prove that to be an understatement) though, unfortunately, most of them are underdeveloped (some are hardly more than sketches). While I'm certainly not developing all of them at a time most (if not all) could be said to be active in the sense that, from time to time, I'll review them and translate a thing or two (this was specially the case in 2015, when I had imposed myself the goal of coining a word each day alternating between my conlangs).
 I plan to add examples and, eventually, articles of their own for each conlang but that is going to take quite a time.
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 ===Early conlangs===
-My first experience at conlanging was creating an Esperantido which is now lost (I only thing I remember is that it had the genitive/possessive suffix ''-esa''). My first serious attempts, however, where Mëntinlan, Spaele and Calacalá (Mëntinlan being the first though I had worked with something which my be thought of as a precursor to Spaele before, so Spaele could also claim that title). Other than beginning as rather unrefined conlangs (due to my lack of experience and linguistic knowledge at the time) they do not share much, though I'll often treat them as a group just out of nostalgia (Efanyó, my fourth conlang, could also be included in here on a similar basis).
+My first experience at conlanging was creating an ''Esperantido'' which is now lost (I only thing I remember is that it had the genitive/possessive suffix ''-esa''). My first serious attempts, however, where Mëntinlan, Spaele and Calacalá (Mëntinlan being the first though I had worked with something which may be thought of as a precursor to Spaele before, so Spaele could also claim that title). Other than beginning as rather unrefined conlangs (due to my lack of experience and linguistic knowledge at the time) they do not have much in common. Nevertheless, I'll often treat them as a group just out of nostalgia (Efanyó, my fourth 'serious' conlang, could also be included in this group).
 *'''[[Mëntinlan]]'''
 :Non-diachronic ''a posterirori''.
-:Mëntinlan (originally spelled Meantinlan) is a language with agglutinative word formation and otherwise analytic grammar. Its lexical roots are mostly derived from English (though often "volapukized" to a less recognizable form); for instance ''Mëntinlan'' used* to mean 'symbolic language' and was formed by joining "mëntin" (symbol, itself from "mën", from English ''mean'' and "tin", from English ''thing'') and "lan" ('''''lan'''guage'').
+:Mëntinlan (originally spelled ''Meantinlan'') is a language with agglutinative word formation and otherwise analytic grammar. Its lexical roots are mostly derived from English (though often "volapukized" to a less recognizable form); for instance ''Mëntinlan'' used* to mean 'symbolic language' and was formed by joining "mëntin" (symbol, itself from "mën", from English ''mean'' and "tin", from English ''thing'') and "lan" ('''''lan'''guage'').
 :*The language's head directionality was changed so now 'symbolic language' would be "Lantinmën". The old form of name, however, was kept unchanged.
 :Constructed scripts: Mëntinpiky (logographic)
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 *'''[[Spaele]]'''
 :Non-diachronic ''a posterirori''.
-:Spaele (also ''Spaëlë'') is an agglutinative language with a lexicon drawn from several natural languages (featuring most prominently English, Esperanto, German, Spanish and Latin). Nouns and adjectives are declined for two numbers and four genders (feminine, masculine, neutral and mixed) which can be determined from word terminations and accept a large number of case suffixes. Verbs may be conjugated to indicate both their subjects and direct objects.
+:Spaele (also ''Spaëlë'') is an agglutinative language with a lexicon drawn from several natural languages (featuring most prominently English, Esperanto, German, Spanish and Latin). Nouns and adjectives are declined for two numbers and four genders (feminine, masculine, neutral and mixed) which can be determined from word terminations (not unlike Esperanto) and accept a large number of case suffixes. Verbs have polypersonal agreement (they are conjugated to indicate both their subject and their direct object).
 :Constructed scripts: Runei (in two variants, ''Runei'' proper and ''Runei Noviei'' or new Runei; featural), Piumafonte (alphabetic)
 *'''[[Calacalá]]'''
 :''A priori''.
-:Calacalá (which may be Anglicised as "Chalachalah") is a logical language following a concept similar to that of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_%28artificial_language%29 Ro]: each letter defines a category which can be further refined with additional letters ('''''da''''' for descriptions, '''''dac''''' for colours, '''''dacaz''''' for blue, '''''dacazav''''' for bluish indigo, etc). However, one feature that sets Calacalá apart of Ro is that only consonants count in this regard (the previous examples could be thought as D, DC, DCZ and DCZV respectively) while vowels are only auxiliary (they may help telling apart words with similar consonants). There exist two vocalization schemes (fixed set of rules determining which vowels to add to a consonant string) which account for what could be said to be two Calacalá dialects: Caladá and Çelçeli.
+:Calacalá (which may also be Anglicised as "Chalachalah") is a 'logical language' following a concept similar to that of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_%28artificial_language%29 Ro]: each letter defines a category which can be further refined with additional letters ('''''da''''' for descriptions, '''''dac''''' for colours, '''''dacaz''''' for blue, '''''dacazav''''' for bluish indigo, etc). However, one feature that sets Calacalá apart of Ro is that only consonants count in this regard (the previous examples could be thought as D, DC, DCZ and DCZV respectively) while vowels are only auxiliary (they may help telling apart words with similar consonants). There exist two vocalization schemes (fixed set of rules determining which vowels to add to a consonant string) which account for what could be said to be two Calacalá dialects: Caladá and Çelçeli.
 :Constructed scripts: Calasifal (an abjad though, due to the peculiarities of Calacalá, it could also be though as a full alphabet).
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 There was a period where I experimented on conlangs based on Spanish (my native language). I collectively refer to them as ''Neo-Hispanic'', as if they were their own sub-branch of Romance. Neo-Hispanic would be further divided in two major branches: the Germanic-ish Lynnic branch (which experienced a sound change analogous to Grimm's law) and the so-called Efanic branch (which shares some sound changes like /sp/ -> /f/).
-Many of those conlangs follow the "language X evolved to look like language Y" which can be found in conlangs by other authors. At the time I did specially like [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s17/ Þrjótrunn], which was basically "Latin evolved to look Icelandic" (resulting in one of the best conlangs I've seen; which further motivated me to try that approach).
+Many of those conlangs follow the "language X evolved to look like language Y" which can be found in conlangs by other authors. At the time I was specially interested on [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s17/ Þrjótrunn], a conlang that could be described as "Latin evolved to look Icelandic" (resulting in one of the best conlangs I've seen and a great motivation for me to try that approach).
 *'''[[Efanyó]]'''
 :''A posterirori'': Indoeuropean, Romance, Neo-Hispanic, Efanic
-:Efanyó was my attempt to foresee a possible future Spanish. It simplifies many consonant clusters, reduces (and loses) some syllables and it incorporates a phenomenon which is basically identical to French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_%28French%29 Liaison] (some final consonants are only realized if followed by a vowel-initial word).
+:Efanyó was an attempt to foresee what a possible 'future Spanish' could be like. It simplifies many consonant clusters, reduces (and loses) some syllables and it incorporates a phenomenon which is basically identical to French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaison_%28French%29 liaison] (some final consonants are only realized if followed by a vowel-initial word).
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
 *'''[[Lynn]]'''
 :''A posterirori'': Indoeuropean, Romance, Neo-Hispanic, Lynnic
-:One day I wondered what Spanish would look like if it had a consonant shift like Germanic Grimm's law. In a matter of hours, I had already begun to sketch ''Lynn''. I've constructed three varieties of Lynn: Old Lynn (ancestral to the other two), Eastern Lynn (or ''Estlynn'') and Western Lynn (''Lyn Talost''). Each of the latter varieties would give rise later to further descendants.
+:One day I wondered what Spanish would look like if it had a consonant shift like Germanic Grimm's law. In a matter of hours, I had already begun to sketch ''Lynn''. I've constructed three varieties of Lynn: Old Lynn or ''Lync'' (ancestral to the other two), Eastern Lynn (or ''Estlynn'') and Western Lynn (''Lyn Talost''). Each of the latter varieties would give rise later to further descendants.
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
 *'''[[Lün]]'''
 :''A posterirori'': Indoeuropean, Romance, Neo-Hispanic, Lynnic
-:Lün descends from Estlynn, the Eastern dialect of Lynn. Although descended from Spanish, Lün was modelled to resemble German and, like German itself, it is actually a range of linguistic varieties which may not always be inter-intelligible. Since I reformed it in 2015 there are two main Lün varieties: High Lün and Low Lün (the first of which displays some of the sound changes that set apart real life High German form Low German).
+:Lün descends from Estlynn, the Eastern dialect of Lynn. Although descended from Spanish, Lün was modelled to resemble German and, like German itself, it is actually a range of linguistic varieties which may not always be inter-intelligible. Since I reformed it in 2015 there are two main Lün varieties: High Lün and Low Lün (the first of which displays some of the sound changes that set apart real life High German from Low German).
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 *'''[[Nystrr]]'''
 :''A posterirori'': Indoeuropean, Romance, Neo-Hispanic, Lynnic / Nystric
-:Just like Lynn/Lün/Lyun, Nystrr follows the idea of applying to Spanish the developments that set the Germanic branch apart from other IE branches; however Nystrr could be said to do better in this regard as it does not only incorporate Grimm's law but also a n analogue to Verner's law. Nystrr also has some other sound changes which are intended to give it an Old Norse-like look. Nystrr also includes '''Talsur''' (or ''Old Nystrr''), an earlier stage between Spanish and Nystrr proper.
+:The concept behind Nystrr is similar to that of Lynn: creating a Spanish-derived language by applying sound changes similar to the ones that set the Germanic branch apart from other IE branches. Nystrr, however, could be said to be a more complete attempt at that since it does not only incorporate a sound change like Grimm's law but also an analogue to Verner's law (vowel evolution, on the other hand, wasn't meant to mimic the developments of Proto-Germanic). Nystrr also incorporates certain sound changes that were intended to give it an Old Norse-like look.
+:The name Nystrr also covers '''Talsur''' (or ''Old Nystrr''), an earlier stage which sits between Spanish and Nystrr proper.
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
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 :''A posterirori'': Indoeuropean, Romance, Neo-Hispanic, Efanic
 :Efenol is the language I work with the most often (mostly because it is really easy for me to translate into Efenol). A hypothetical descendant of Spanish, Efenol has some features commonly found in Celtic languages like consonant and vowel mutations. For instance, the C in "cas" (house, from Spanish ''casa'') is lenited to G in "a·gas" (the house) whereas the A is mutated to EI in plural forms like "a·ceis" (the houses, plural articles do not trigger lenition). Tolkien's Sindarin was at a time the main stylistic influence for Efenol (and still is, though to a lesser extent).
-:Efenol is a pluri-centric language with three main dialects: Western Efenol (''Efenol del'Oth'', the one I use the most), Northern Efenol (''Efenol del Norz'') and Eastern Efenol (''Efenol del'Ez''); what could have been a fourth major dialect, Southern Efenol (''Efenol d'e·ssur''), is divergent enough to be better understood as a separate(though highly related) language. Other than those major dialects, there are two more noteworthy dialects: Northeastern (''Efenol Nordezîn'') which could be thought of as a transitional variety between the Northern and Eastern varieties and ''Hunzad'', a rather divergent variety of Northern Efenol which features vowel harmony but which is usually considered (in-world) as an ''Efenol del Norz'' [sub-]dialect.
+:Efenol is a pluri-centric language with three main dialects: Western Efenol (''Efenol del'Oth'', the one I use the most), Northern Efenol (''Efenol del Norz'') and Eastern Efenol (''Efenol del'Ez''); what could have been a fourth major dialect, Southern Efenol (''Efenol d'e·ssur''), is divergent enough to be considered a separate (though closely related) language. Other than those major dialects, there are three more noteworthy dialects: Northeastern (''Efenol Nordezîn'') which could be thought of as a transitional variety between the Northern and Eastern varieties, Central Efenol (which could also be regarded as a Western Efenol subdialect) and ''Hunzad'', a rather divergent variety of Northern Efenol which features vowel harmony but which is usually considered (in-world) as an ''Efenol del Norz'' [sub-]dialect.
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
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 *'''[[Nust]]'''
 :''A posterirori'': Indoeuropean, Romance, Neo-Hispanic, Lynnic / Nystric
-:Nust would descend from Nystrr, a Spanish-based conlang with Germanic-like sound changes similar like those of Grimm's and Verner's laws. Nust is further removed from Spanish in phonology and grammar. One distinctive feature of Nust is that articles are now suffixed to their nouns (''stehr'', history; ''stehrs'/stehrse'', the history) rather than coming before them as in Spanish (or being mostly omitted as in Nystrr). Nust's new articles are derived from Spanish demonstratives ''eso/esa/esos/esas'' (stemming from Latin ''ipse'') which makes them related to the definite articles of Sardinian and Baleric Catalan (and Henrik Theiling's Þrjótrunn).
+:Nust descends from Nystrr, a Spanish-based conlang with Germanic-like sound changes similar like those of Grimm's and Verner's laws. Nust is further removed from Spanish in phonology and grammar. One distinctive feature of Nust is that articles are now suffixed to their nouns (''stehr'', history; ''stehrs'/stehrse'', the history) rather than coming before them as in Spanish (or being mostly omitted as in Nystrr). Nust's new articles are derived from Spanish demonstratives ''eso/esa/esos/esas'' (stemming from Latin ''ipse'') which makes them distantly related to the definite articles of Sardinian and Baleric Catalan (and Henrik Theiling's Þrjótrunn).
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
 *'''[[Southern Efenol]]'''
 :''A posterirori'': Indoeuropean, Romance, Neo-Hispanic, Efanic
-:Although I originally intended Southern Efenol to be yet another Efenol dialect it soon became distinct enough to re-classify it as a language on its own. Southern Efenol (natively ''Efenol d'e·Ssur'', though most of its speakers would rather refer to it as ''Surýn'', Southern) shares many features with the other Efenol varieties (which may be termed "North-Central Efenol") such as consonant mutation triggered by certain particles or ablaut-based pluralization patterns. However, it differs on the way it inherits nouns with ended in ''-o'' in Spanish (which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirization cheshirised] by ablauting the previous vowel while North-Central Efenol simply elides it); for instance Spanish ''clavo'' (metal nail) is inherited as ''clòv'' /klɔv/ whereas Western Efenol inherits it as ''chalobh'' /ˈxaloβ/ (the relationship between the two words here is further obscured by the different ways to deal with initial /kl/ clusters and differing orthographic conventions).
+:Although I originally intended Southern Efenol to be yet another Efenol dialect it soon became distinct enough to re-classify it as a language on its own. Southern Efenol (natively ''Efenol d'e·Ssur'', though most of its speakers would rather refer to it as ''Surýn'', Southern) shares many features with the other Efenol varieties (which may be termed "North-Central Efenol") such as consonant mutation triggered by certain particles or ablaut-based pluralization patterns. However, it differs on the way it inherits nouns with ended in ''-o'' in Spanish (which is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirization cheshirised] by u-ablauting the previous vowel while North-Central Efenol simply elides it); for instance Spanish ''clavo'' (metal nail) is inherited as ''clòv'' /klɔv/ whereas Western Efenol inherits it as ''chalobh'' /ˈxaloβ/ (the relationship between the two words here is further obscured by the different ways to deal with initial /kl/ clusters and differing orthographic conventions).
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
 ===Tengesian languages===
-In 2010, I was asked by a friend to collaborate in designing a video-game (some sort of RPG). In his notes, he was using some words for game-specific concepts (like ''waza'' for a kind of elemental attacks) which I he had picked from Mayan, Egyptian and Japanese words he'd found in the internet. I decided to create an otherwise ''a priori'' language out of those words (working out some phonological patterns out of the reduced lexicon we had) which was to become a Latin-like ancient language (''Tengoko'', the language of time) from which the languages of various clans would descend (most prominently: the language of the Dragon Clan, ''Tonoryu'', cf. Japanese [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D#Japanese ryū]). The game never took on (it didn't ever leave the "concept" stage) but I kept Tengoko and its descendants (the ''Tengesia'', languages of the clans) as conlangs I've continued to develop.
+In 2010, I was asked by a friend to collaborate in designing a video-game (some sort of RPG). In his notes, he was using some words for game-specific concepts (like ''waza'' for a kind of elemental attacks) which he had variously picked from some Mayan, Egyptian and Japanese words he hadd found in the Internet. I decided to create an otherwise ''a priori'' language out of those words (working out some phonological patterns out of the reduced lexicon we had) which was to become a Latin-like ancient language (''Tengoko'', the language of time) from which the languages of various clans would descend (most prominently: the language of the Dragon Clan, ''Tonoryu'', cf. Japanese [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D#Japanese ryū]). The game never took off (it didn't ever leave the "concept" stage) but I kept Tengoko and its descendants ('Tengesia'', languages of the clans) as conlangs which I've since continued to develop.
-By the way, the ''ng'' in ''Tengoko'' and ''Tengesia'' is actually /ŋ/ but I don't care at all if people pronounce it as /ŋg/ in English. Also, ''Tengesia'' includes Tengoko's descendants but not Tengoko itself (much like how nobody calls Latin a Romance language); I'm fine with saying that Tengoko is a ''Tengesia'''n''''' language, though.
+By the way, the ''ng'' in ''Tengoko'' and ''Tengesia'' is actually /ŋ/ but I don't care at all if people pronounce it as /ŋg/ in English. Also, ''Tengesia'' technically includes Tengoko's descendants but not Tengoko itself (much like how nobody calls Latin a Romance language); I'm fine with saying that Tengoko is a ''Tengesia'''n''''' language, though.
 *'''[[Tengoko]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian
-:Tengoko (which, in the internal history, was once called ''Wir'') is an agglutinative language with mostly ''a priori'' vocabulary (as some roots can indeed be tracked to natural languages, specially Yucatec Mayan and Japanese). Many grammatical distinctions are optional in Tengoko as its the case for number (''teng'' can mean either language or languages depending on context; the number can be specified by prefixes: ''tengnu'' for singular and ''tenga'' for plural). Similarly, verbs may or may not include prefixes to indicate their subject (and, rarely, their direct object) and may even omit tense suffixes (''kezyumos'', I swam, may be expressed as just ''zyum'' if it's clear that it was the speaker who swam and that the action occurred in the past).
+:Tengoko (which, in the internal history, was once called ''Wir'') is an agglutinative language with mostly ''a priori'' vocabulary (although some roots can indeed be tracked to natural languages, especially Yucatec Mayan and Japanese). Most inflections are optional in Tengoko as it's the case for grammatical number (''teng'' can mean either language or languages depending on context; the number can be specified by prefixes: ''tengnu'' for singular and ''tenga'' for plural). Similarly, verbs may or may not include prefixes to indicate their subject (and, rarely, their direct object) and may even omit tense suffixes (''kezyumos'', I swam, may be expressed as just ''zyum'' if it's clear that it was the speaker who swam and that the action occurred in the past).
 :Constructed scripts: Old Kar (a logographic system similar to Chinese (Han) characters), Kar (derived from Old Kar, with glyphs noticeably simpler than those of its precursor), Sibaz (an alphabet with featural elements)
@@ Line 125: / Line 126: @@
 *'''[[Hahdek]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian
-:Hahdek (the language of the 'Fire Clan') is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. Hahdek underwent sound changes similar to those of Grimm's law and some elements of its grammar are loosely based on that of German (like mostly SVO word order shifting to SOV in relative clauses).
+:Hahdek (the language of the 'Fire Clan') is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. Hahdek underwent sound changes similar to those of Grimm's law and some aspects of its grammar are loosely based on German (like mostly SVO word order shifting to SOV in relative clauses).
 :Constructed scripts: Sibaz (alphabetic)
 *'''[[Zissiten]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian
-:Zissiten (the language of the 'Birds Clan') is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. Despite being unrelated, Zissiten tries to have a vague Romance (particularly Italian) feel; resulting from various sound and grammar changes.
+:Zissiten (the language of the 'Birds Clan') is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. Despite being unrelated to Latin or other real-world languages, Zissiten attempts to have a vague Romance (particularly Italian) feel through various sound and grammar changes.
-:Constructed scripts: Hévil (alphabetic, unrelated to Sibaz), Sibaz (rarely, alphabetic)
+:Constructed scripts: Hévil (alphabetic, unrelated to Sibaz), Sibaz (rarely used, alphabetic)
 *'''[[Hishi Theng-thun]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian, Tengtunic, Hishian
-:Hishi Theng-thun (the language of the 'little Rock Clan'; just Theng-Thun before other Theng-Thun languages were created in 2015) is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. It belongs to the Tengtunic branch, a group of Tengesian languages inspired by real life Chinese languages out of which Hishi Theng-thun is the most different (due to being more conservative). It contrasts plosives based on aspiration (rather than voicing, as it's the case for its not Tengtunic relatives), restricts codae to nasals or /f~v~ʋ/ and, not surprisingly for a conlang which lists Chinese languages as an influence, it is tonal.
+:Hishi Theng-thun (the language of the 'little Rock Clan'; known as just ''Theng-Thun'' before other Theng-Thun languages were created in 2015) is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. It belongs to the Tengtunic branch, a group of Tengesian languages inspired by real life Chinese languages. It contrasts plosives based on aspiration (rather than voicing, as it's the case for its not Tengtunic relatives), restricts codae to nasals or /f~v~ʋ/ and, not surprisingly for a conlang which lists Chinese languages as its main influence, it is tonal.
 :Constructed scripts: Tunsi Kar (a variant of modern Kar, logographic)
 *'''[[Qiye-Zempa]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian, Tengtunic, Hishian
-:Qiye-Zempa descends from Hishi Theng-thun, thus being a Tengesian language in the Tengtunic branch. It features a large number of changes that set it apart from Theng-thun languages, including the loss of tone.
+:Qiye-Zempa descends from Hishi Theng-thun, thus being a Tengesian language in the Tengtunic branch. It features a large number of changes that set it apart from Theng-thun languages, including the loss of all tonal distinctions.
 :Constructed scripts: Sibaz (alphabetic)
 *'''[[Hjolþesc]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian
-:Hjolþesc (the language of the 'Ice Clan') is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. Not unlike Hahdek, Hjolþesc underwent sound changes similar to those of Grimm's law. However, while I intended Hahdek to loosely resemble German I wanted Hjolþesc to be more like Old Norse and Icelandic (you are probably starting to appreciate how creative I was with its name).
+:Hjolþesc (the language of the 'Ice Clan') is one of many languages that descend from Tengoko. Not unlike Hahdek, Hjolþesc underwent sound changes similar to those of Grimm's law. However, while Hahdek was intented to loosely resemble German, I wanted Hjolþesc have an Old Norse or Icelandic aesthetics (which comes as no surprise seeing the name of the conlang, duh).
 :Constructed scripts: Sibaz (alphabetic)
 *'''[[Middle Theng-thun]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian, Tengtunic, Tunjic
-:Middle Theng-thun (MTT) would have been once the main language of the 'Rock clan', the largest nation in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko. MTT was created in 2015 (nearly five years before Hishi Theng-Thun, what had been ''the'' Theng-Thun language so far, which is now in its now in a sister branch to MTT-based Tunjic). MTT could be thought as Tengoko's world analogue to Middle Chinese.
+:Middle Theng-thun (MTT) would have been once the main language of the 'Rock clan', the largest nation in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko. MTT was created in 2015 (nearly five years after Hishi Theng-Thun, what had been ''the'' Theng-Thun language so far and now sits in its own sister branch to MTT-based Tunjic). MTT could be thought as Tengoko's world analogue to Middle Chinese.
 :Constructed scripts: Tunsi Kar (a variant of modern Kar, logographic)
 *'''[[Tujietian Theng-thun]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian, Tengtunic, Tunjic
-:Tunjietian Theng-thun (TTT) is the main language of the 'Rock clan', the largest nation in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko and, more specifically, from Middle Theng-thun. It could be seen as Tengoko's world analogue to Mandarin Chinese; as it's the case for Mandarin, Tunjietian is tonal and very restrictive with codae (only -n is allowed).
+:Tunjietian Theng-thun (TTT) is the main language of the 'Rock clan', the largest nation in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko and, more specifically, from Middle Theng-thun. It could be seen as Tengoko's world analogue to Mandarin Chinese and, as it's the case for Mandarin, Tunjietian is tonal language and has some rather restrictive phonotactics (for instance, only -n is allowed as a coda).
 :Constructed scripts: Tunsi Kar (a variant of modern Kar, logographic), Kar (logoraphic), Sibaz (alphabetic, only as transcription)
 *'''[[Pha Theng-thun]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', Tengesian, Tengtunic, Tunjic
-:Pha Theng-thun (''Tsúnsîʔì fâtséng'', or Low Theng-thun) is one of the languages of the 'Rock clan' in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko and, more specifically, from Middle Theng-thun. It has little inter-intelligibility with Tunjietian, the leading Theng-thun language in its conworld. It could be seen as Tengoko's world analogue to some Chinese languages ('dialects') like Cantonese. Like nearly all Tengtunic languages, Pha Theng-thun is tonal. It is less restrictive about codae than other extant Tengtunic languages (being the only one that allows stops in syllable-final position).
+:Pha Theng-thun (''Tsúnsîʔì fâtséng'', or Low Theng-thun) is one of the languages of the 'Rock clan' in the Tengesia world. Like other conlangs in that conworld, it descends from Tengoko and, more specifically, from Middle Theng-thun. It has little inter-intelligibility with Tunjietian, the leading Theng-thun language in its conworld. It could be seen as Tengoko's world analogue to some Chinese languages (sometimes wrongly deemed 'dialects') like Cantonese. Like nearly all Tengtunic languages, Pha Theng-thun is tonal. It is less restrictive about codae than other extant Tengtunic languages (being the only one that allows stops in syllable-final position).
 :Constructed scripts: Pha-Kha (alphabetic), Tunsi Kar (logographic, often following Tunjietian rules).
 ===Lisnout languages===
-This covers Lisnäit, one of my favourite conlangs, and other languages related to Lisnäit
+This covers Lisnäit, one of my favourite conlangs, and other related languages.
 *'''[[Lisnäit]]'''
 :''A posteriori'', Lisnout
-:A language based on triliteral roots. The roots are constructed via a process that combines the letters from words in seven sources: Lojban (which itself combines roots from natural language sources in a different way), Arabic (from where I got the triliteral roots idea in first place), Romance (I try to use words representative to more than one Romance language), English, Quenya (Tolkien's High Elvish), Turkish and Greek (preferably Ancient Greek but I have resorted to using Modern Greek from time to time). For instance, I determined that I should combine Lojban ''ciska'', Arabic ''katab'', Romance ''scribire'' (as in Spanish ''escribir''), English ''write'', Quenya ''tec-'', Turkish ''yazmak'' and Greek ''graphein'' as the triliteral '''''S-K-T''''' for 'writing'. Nouns and verbs are then derived from those roots and inflicted in highly regular ways.
+:A language based on triliteral roots. Lisnäit roots are constructed via a process that combines the letters from words in seven source languages: Lojban (which itself constructs its lexical terms in a different way), Arabic (from where I got the triliteral roots idea in first place), Romance languages (words representative to more than one Romance language are preferred), English, Quenya (Tolkien's High Elvish), Turkish and Greek (preferably Ancient Greek but I have resorted to using Modern Greek from time to time). For instance, I determined that I would combine Lojban ''ciska'', Arabic ''katab'', Romance ''scribire'' (as in Spanish ''escribir''), English ''write'', Quenya ''tec-'', Turkish ''yazmak'' and Greek ''graphein'' into the triliteral '''''S-K-T''''' for 'writing'. Nouns and verbs are then derived from those roots and inflicted in highly regular ways.
 :Constructed scripts: Sikäitt (alphabetic; vowels written as diacritics)
@@ Line 194: / Line 195: @@
 *'''[[Eharthen]]'''
 :''A priori'', Tehya
-:A language descended from Tighaia. Eharthen displays several innovations with respect to Tighaia: the development of a six vowel system (adding /e/, /o/ and /y/ to Tighaia's /a/, /i/, /u/ inventory), some consonant shifts such as Tighaia ''ñaza'' /ŋ̊aza/ > Eharthen ''mara'' /maɹa/ and, most noticeably, the introduction of a so-called ''specular directionality'': head directionality (mostly head final in Tighaia) now changes depending on whether a word comes before or after the main verb of a sentence. Thus, 'to the kingbecomes ''oi mara'' (DATIVE king; head final) in ''Oi mara gavarthu'' (it was given to the king; groups are head final before the main verb) whereas it is ''mara oi'' (king DATIVe; head initial) in ''Gavarthu mara oi'' (same meaning as ''Oi mara gavarthu'').
+:A language descended from Tighaia. Eharthen displays several innovations with respect to Tighaia: the development of a six vowel system (adding /e/, /o/ and /y/ to Tighaia's /a/, /i/, /u/ inventory), some consonant shifts such as Tighaia ''ñaza'' /ŋ̊aza/ > Eharthen ''mara'' /maɹa/ and, most noticeably, the introduction of a so-called ''specular directionality'': head directionality (mostly head final in Tighaia) now changes depending on whether a word comes before or after the main verb of a sentence. Thus, 'for the king' becomes ''oi mara'' (DAT king; head final) in ''Oi mara gavarthu'' (it was given to the king; groups are head final before the main verb) whereas it is ''mara oi'' (king DAT; head initial) in ''Gavarthu mara oi'' (same meaning as ''Oi mara gavarthu'', with more emphasis on the action itself rather than its recipient).
-:Constructed scripts: Inscriptional Kirta and Monks' hand (alphabetic, early Eharthen), Kirthai (alphabetic)
+:Constructed scripts: Inscriptional Kirta and Monks' hand Kirta (alphabetic, early Eharthen), Kirthai (alphabetic)
 *'''[[Tecya]]'''
 :''A priori'', Tehya
-:A language descended from Tighaia. Tecya syntax shows signs of split ergativity: first and second pronouns have Nominative-Accusative alignment whereas an Ergative-Absolutive alignment is used otherwise. Unlike other Tehya languages with largely free word order, Tehya almost exclusively use Verb-Object-Subject word order for non-interrogative sentences and Object-Verb-Subject for questions. It has also underwent a series of sound shifts since Tighaia: Tighaia ''ñaza'' /ŋ̊aza/ becomes ''haca'' /haça/ in Tecya.
+:A language descended from Tighaia. Tecya syntax shows signs of split ergativity: first and second pronouns have Nominative-Accusative alignment whereas an Ergative-Absolutive alignment is used otherwise. Unlike other Tehya languages which feature a largely free word order, Tehya almost exclusively uses Verb-Object-Subject word order for non-interrogative sentences and Object-Verb-Subject for questions. The language has also underwent a series of sound shifts since Tighaia; for instance Tighaia ''ñaza'' /ŋ̊aza/ becomes ''haca'' /haça/ in Tecya.
 :Constructed scripts: Hirtau (alphabetic)
@@ Line 208: / Line 209: @@
 *'''[[Aiedain]]'''
 :''A priori'', Aiedainic
-:A flexive ''a priori'' language with a system of honorifics/formality that may mark a 'honorific level' (ranging from exhalted to extremely vulgar) in each noun. For instance, ''daines'' (of the fire, neutral) may be declined to ''dainsunes'' (of the most exhalted fire) or to ''dainunkes'' (of the goddamn fire).
+:A flexive ''a priori'' language with a system of honorifics/formality that may mark a 'honorific level' (ranging from exhalted to extremely vulgar) in each noun. For instance, ''daines'' (of the fire, neutral) may be declined to ''dainsunes'' (of the most exhalted fire) or to ''dainunkes'' (of that damn fire).
 :Constructed scripts: Aiedain script (alphabetic)
@@ Line 214: / Line 215: @@
 :''A priori''
 :'''Non-vocal language'''
-:''Taleane Raineri'' (Aiedain for 'Royal Language') is a in-world cryptolang that would be used almost exclusively by royal courtiers. A non-vocal language, Taleane Raineri actually refers to two independent but culturally related communication systems: a sign language and a logographic written language, of which I have only constructed the latter. This conlang could be thought of as a constructed script without an associated spoken language (it should bear some relation to the royal sign language though, yet it is not a transcription of it either).
+:''Taleane Raineri'' (Aiedain for 'Royal Language') is a in-world cryptolang that would be used almost exclusively by royal courtiers. A non-vocal language, Taleane Raineri actually refers to two independent but culturally related communication systems: a sign language and a logographic written language, out of which I have only constructed some bits of the latter. This conlang could be thought of as a constructed script without an associated spoken language (it should bear some relation to the royal sign language though, but it is not a transcription of it either).
 ===Triband languages===
@@ Line 297: / Line 298: @@
 *'''[[Minmá]]'''
 :''A priori''
-:Minmá intends to be a very simple and ''minimalistic'' language (hence its name); it's got only 3 vowels (which, accounting for pitch which also changes the quality of some of them, could be said to be 6) and 6 consonants (with some allophonic variation). It's grammar is analitic and accepts any verb-initial word order.
+:Minmá intends to be a very simple and ''minimalistic'' language (hence its name); it's got only 3 phonemic vowels (although pitch accent alters the qualities of two of them for a total of 6 phonetic vowels) and 6 consonants (with some allophonic variation). It's grammar is analitic and allows any verb-initial word order.
-:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead; I've occasionally used Devanagari as well)
+:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead; I've occasionally used Devanagari as well for no particular reason)
 *'''[[Bartxe]]'''
 :''A priori''
-:Contrasting with Minmá's simplicity, Bartxe was intended to be pretty complex. It is agglutinative (though, maybe, it could be described as ''mildly'' polysynthetic) and requires to inflect verbs for mood, aspect, potentially modifiers (such as causative marks), tense, subject, object (which may be fully incorporated as a noun) and evidentials.
+:Contrasting with Minmá's simplicity, Bartxe was intended to be pretty complex. It is agglutinative (though, maybe, it could also be described as ''mildly'' polysynthetic) and requires speakers to inflect verbs for mood, aspect, potentially modifiers (such as causative marks), tense, subject, object (which may be fully incorporated as a noun) and evidentials.
 :Constructed scripts: Qekhiave (or ''Ekiawø'', also Naupali's script)
@@ Line 313: / Line 314: @@
 :''A priori''
 :Seldon is an agglutinative ''a priori'' conlang. In Seldon, verbs must always be preceded by a particles that indicates whether the verb describes an action, a transitory state or a property (''ie'' a non-transitory state).
-:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)
+:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead; I made an attempt at making a logographic script for Seldon but it was quickly discontinued)
 *'''[[Ilbaló]]'''
@@ Line 322: / Line 323: @@
 *'''[[Kenvei]]'''
 :Mostly ''a priori'', some ''a posteriori'' lexical elements
-:Kenvei, an agglutinative conlang, was probably the first conlang I designed with phonoaesthetics in mind: I wanted it to sound as pleasing as possible and thus it reflects my linguistic tastes at the time (resulting in something vaguely Tolkienesque, with Quenya and Sindarin as clear influences).
+:Kenvei, an agglutinative conlang, was probably the first conlang I designed with phonoaesthetics as my main goal. I wanted it to sound as pleasing as possible and thus it reflects my linguistic tastes at the time (resulting in something vaguely Tolkienesque, with Quenya and Sindarin as clear influences).
 :Constructed scripts: Sinte (alphabetic)
@@ Line 465: / Line 466: @@
 *'''[[Yanglish]] and [[Lundinian]]'''
-:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, either Romance or Germanic (most likely the former for ''Lundinian'')
+:''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, either Romance or Germanic (only the former for ''Lundinian'')
 :Yanglish is what I'd call a ''jokelang'' (a joke language), or at least started as one. It's long been noted that English borrows about half of its lexicon from Romance sources and there have been countless 'Anglish' conlangs which try to 'clean' English from non-Germanic influences (Poul Anderson's ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncleftish_Beholding Uncleftish Beholding]'' is one exceptionally good example). ''Yanglish'', however, moves in another direction. Yanglish ''proper'' attempts to reverse English lexicon, using Germanic words where English uses words of French/Norman/Greek/Latin origin (so it could incorporate Germanic neologisms like Anderson's ''uncleft'' for atom) but also replacing English Germanic words for Latin/French-based terms (so ''king'' could be replaced by something like ''roy'', cf. French). Doublets involving Germanic and non-Germanic sources would swap their meanings (so ''pork'' would be used for living animals while its meat would be called ''pig'') and a few words are left unchanged albeit with altered etymologies ('me' would still be ''me'' but it would now be thought to derive from Latin ''me'' rather than from Old English ''mē''). Grammar is kept as close to English as possible (sometimes replacing Germanic suffixes with Romance ones: ''parol-ant'' for 'talk-ing'); so it's basically a ''relex''.
-:'''''Lundinian''''', although still a relex, is a bit more serious. It's basically the opposite 'Anglish' conlangs: all Germanic bits of English are replaced with Romance analogues (as it was also the case for Yanglish) whereas English non-Germanic elements are kept unchanged. So, English ''the doctor is talking'' (which could be ''the leech is talking'' in a 100% Germanic 'Anglish' conlang) would become ''le leech es parolant'' in Yanglish and ''le doctos es parolant'' in Lundinian.
+:'''''Lundinian''''', although still a relex, is closer to being a serious conlanging attempt. It's basically the opposite 'Anglish' conlangs: all Germanic bits of English are replaced with Romance analogues (as it was also the case for Yanglish) whereas English non-Germanic elements are kept unchanged. So, English ''the doctor is talking'' (which could be something like ''the leech is talking'' in a 100% Germanic 'Anglish' conlang) would become ''le leech es parolant'' in Yanglish and ''le doctor es parolant'' in Lundinian.
-:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead; sometimes I'd also use Futhorc runes for Yanglish)
+:Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead; sometimes I'd also use Futhorc runes for Yanglish as a further inversion of Latin vs Germanic usage)
 *'''[[Lindavor]]'''
 :''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Romance (or just Italic)
 :Lindavor would have descended from Classical Latin (rather than later Vulgar Latin), thus preserving features not found in most other Romance languages. Lindavor nouns are declined for 4 cases: nominative, accusative, genitive and dative; some of the forms are homophonous and are only disambiguated via articles. Its phonology follows the same vaguely Celtic-ish style I used in Efenol.
-:Constructed scripts: Alaved (alphabetic, derived from Roman hand)
+:Constructed scripts: Alaved (alphabetic, derived from Roman cursive)
 *'''[[Xpanii | Xpanī]]'''
@@ Line 509: / Line 510: @@
 *'''[[Inlush]]'''
 :''A posteriori'', Indoeuropean, Germanic, English-based
-:Inlush would descend from some ''undisclosed'' English variety (that is, it comes from English but I didn't really decide what kind of dialect it descends from; at least I can confirm it must have been a rhotic one). Its phonology involves a vowel shift (which reduces English gargantuan vowel system to just 7 vowels, with some quirks like shifting /ɪ/ to /ʌ/) as well as some consonant changes that bring some changes to morphology (word-final voiced plosives shift to fricatives, 'kid' becomes ''kud'' /kʌð/, the plural form 'kids', however, preserves the D as a voiced stop: ''kudd'' /kʌd/; this results in a new pluralization strategy where the new fricatives are 'fortited' to stops).
+:Inlush would descend from some ''undisclosed'' English variety (that is, it comes from English but I didn't really decide what kind of dialect it descends from; although I may least confirm it must have been a rhotic one). Its phonology involves a vowel shift which reduces English gargantuan vowel system to just 7 vowels, with some quirks like shifting /ɪ/ to /ʌ/. It also features some consonant shifts that result in changes in morphology (as word-final voiced plosives shift to fricatives, 'kid' becomes ''kud'' /kʌð/ whereas /s/ in the plural form 'kids' preserves the D as a voiced stop yielding ''kudd'' /kʌd/; this results in a new pluralization strategy where the new fricatives are 'fortited' to stops).
 :Constructed scripts: None (Latin alphabet is used instead)