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User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9

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Revision as of 20:32, 25 August 2015 by MIGUELbM (talk | contribs) (→‎Verbs)
Muna
MunaScript 2.8 m.svgMunaScript 2.8 u.svgMunaScript 2.8 n.svgMunaScript 2.8 a.svg
Pronunciation[/ˈmuna/]
Created byMiguel Bartelsman
Date2015
SettingFantasy world
Conlang
  • Proto-muna
    • Muna

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p t k
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative Spirant β ɸ ð θ ɣ h
Silibant s
Liquid Flap ɾ
Approx. l
Glide Approx. j w

Vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a ɒ

Diphthongs

a e ɒ o
i ai ei — —
u — — ɒu ou

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω) Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι) Medial (μ) Nucleus (ν) Coda (κ)
  • Consonant
  • /s/ + stop
  • Semivowel
  • Liquid
  • /s/
  • Vowel
  • Diphthong
  • Nasal
  • Liquid
  • Fricative
  • Liquid + fricative
  • Liquid + nasal

Initial (ι)

  • Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
  • Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
  • /s/ + stop is only allowed word-initially

Medial (μ)

  • Medials are optional
  • Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
  • Plosives are only allowed after /s/
  • /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
  • /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a closed syllable

Nucleus (ν)

  • Nuclei are mandatory
  • Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

  • Codas are optional
  • Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
  • Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
  • Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.

Allophony

  • Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
[βp] → [bː]

  • Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
[ðn] → [dn]
[tɣ] → [tg]

  • A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
[nɾ] → [nðɾ]

  • The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
[ehn] → [e̥n]

  • The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
  • The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]

  • The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
[nj] → [ɲ]

  • The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
[sj] → [ʃ]

  • The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
[hj] → [ɧ]

  • The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
[hw] → [ʍ]

  • The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]

  • The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
[∅j] → [ʝ]

  • The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
[∅w] → [ʋ]

Ortography

Verbs

Verbs agree with the most active argument in both number and person.

Verb morphology

Verbs can be conjugated for:

  • Tense
    • Past
    • Present
    • Future
  • Polarity
    • Positive
    • Negative

Coverbs may be used to mark:

  • Aspect
    • Gnomic
    • Perfective
    • Imperfective
    • Ingressive
    • Pausative
    • Resumptive
    • Egressive
  • Mood
    • Volitive
    • Potential
    • Conditional
    • Imperative
      • Prohibitive

Conjugations

Verbs in Muna have three conjugations depending on the 'thematic vowel' of the verb (the nucleus of the penultimate syllable of the base form). Verbs are named based on the second person singular suffix.

Ir-verbs

Ir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a or e and are not preceded by j

Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Infinitive v-a
Past v-e v-er v-ohan v-orn v-on
Present v-a v-ar v-ahan v-arn v-an
Future v̝-i v̝-ir v̝-ihan v̝-irn v̝-in


hema Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Infinitive hema
Past heme hemer hemohan hemorn hemon
Present hema hemar hemahan hemarn heman
Future himi himir himihan himirn himin

-Air verbs

Air-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a or e and are preceded by j

Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Infinitive v-a
Past v-e v-er v-ohan v-orn v-on
Present v-a v-ar v-ahan v-arn v-an
Future v̙-i v̙-air v̙-ir v̙-aihan v̙-airn v̙-ain


kjesta Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Infinitive kjesta
Past kjeste kjester kjestohan kjestorn kjeston
Present kjesta kjestar kjestahan kjestarn kjestan
Future kjosti kjostair kjostir kjostaihan kjostairn kjostain

-Asir verbs

Asir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is not a nor e

Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Infinitive -a
Past -as -aser -ase -ahon -aron
Present -a -asar -asa -ahan -aran
Future -ai -asir -asi -aihan -airan


runa Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Infinitive runa
Past runas runaser runase runahon runaron
Present runa runasar runasa runahan runaran
Future runai runasir runasi runaihan runairan

Nouns

Phonotactic restrictions

All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:

  • -a(C)(C)
  • -e(C)(C)
  • -i(C)(C)

Noun classes

Gender

  • Feminine
  • Masculine
  • Neuter

Weight

  • Light
  • Heavy

Case

  • Nominative
  • Absolutive
  • Dative
  • Genitive
  • Locative
  • Instrumental

Number

  • Singular
  • Plural
  • Singulative
  • Mass
  • Plurative

Dependency structure

Genitive Determiner Quantifier Adjective Noun
Root Case Number

Syntax

In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.

Passive
Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
Anti-Passive
Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
Standard
Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Involuntary action
Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Assisted action
Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Interrogative
Verb + ... + (Oblique)

Muna Versions

Current version is v2.9, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below

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