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Valmoric morphology: Difference between revisions
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=== Cases === | === Cases === | ||
:''See also [[Valmoric semiotics]] for more information on morphosyntactic alignment.'' | :''See also [[Valmoric semiotics]] for more information on morphosyntactic alignment.'' | ||
Valmoric has 10 cases, detailed below. | Valmoric has 10 cases, detailed below. This case system has undergone both simplifications and innovations from the original Ando-Valic 13-case system. | ||
The | ==== Nominative ==== | ||
The nominative case is used to denote: | |||
* The subject of an accusative-aligned intransitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read. | * The subject of an accusative-aligned intransitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read. | ||
* The subject of an accusative-aligned transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book. | * The subject of an accusative-aligned transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book. | ||
* In ergative-aligned clauses, it functions as the '''genitive''' case (see below). | * In ergative-aligned clauses, it functions as the '''genitive''' case (see below). | ||
The | It is principially unmarked, though nominative nouns undergo certain initial mutations with the definite article. | ||
==== Accusative ==== | |||
The accusative case is used to denote: | |||
* The object of an accusative-aligned monotransitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | * The object of an accusative-aligned monotransitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | ||
* The theme of an accusative-aligned ditransitive clause: The woman read the child <u>a book</u>. | * The theme of an accusative-aligned ditransitive clause: The woman read the child <u>a book</u>. | ||
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* In ergative-aligned clauses, it also functions as the '''instrumental''' case (see below). | * In ergative-aligned clauses, it also functions as the '''instrumental''' case (see below). | ||
The | ==== Dative ==== | ||
The dative case is used to denote: | |||
* The recipient of a ditransitive clause: The woman read <u>the child</u> a book. | * The recipient of a ditransitive clause: The woman read <u>the child</u> a book. | ||
* A generic indirect object: The woman read <u>(to) the child</u>. | * A generic indirect object: The woman read <u>(to) the child</u>. | ||
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* A compulsory autobenefactive: I will lay <u>me</u> down. (Modern English: I will lie down. / I will lay myself down.) | * A compulsory autobenefactive: I will lay <u>me</u> down. (Modern English: I will lie down. / I will lay myself down.) | ||
The | ==== Genitive ==== | ||
The genitive case is used to denote: | |||
* A possessor in an accusative-aligned clause: That is <u>someone's</u> house. | * A possessor in an accusative-aligned clause: That is <u>someone's</u> house. | ||
* In ergative-aligned clauses, the genitive case acts as the '''ergative''' case, which is then used to denote: | * In ergative-aligned clauses, the genitive case acts as the '''ergative''' case, which is then used to denote: | ||
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** The object of a transitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | ** The object of a transitive clause: The woman read <u>a book</u>. | ||
The | ==== Instrumental ==== | ||
The instrumental case is used to denote: | |||
* An instrument using which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with a knife</u>. | * An instrument using which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with a knife</u>. | ||
* An object or person with which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with my friend</u>. | * An object or person with which something was done in an accusative-aligned clause: I diced the onions <u>with my friend</u>. | ||
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* In ergative-aligned clauses, the instrumental case acts as the '''absolutive''' case, which is used to denote the subject of a transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book. | * In ergative-aligned clauses, the instrumental case acts as the '''absolutive''' case, which is used to denote the subject of a transitive clause: <u>The woman</u> read a book. | ||
The | ==== Ablative ==== | ||
The ablative case indicates: | |||
* Motion from a place: I came <u>from work</u>. | * Motion from a place: I came <u>from work</u>. | ||
* A cause: I lost my job <u>because of laziness</u>. | * A cause: I lost my job <u>because of laziness</u>. | ||
* The agent of a passive clause: He was dearly loved <u>by his brothers</u>. | * The agent of a passive clause: He was dearly loved <u>by his brothers</u>. | ||
The | ==== Allative ==== | ||
The allative case indicates: | |||
* Motion to a place: I am going <u>to work</u>. | * Motion to a place: I am going <u>to work</u>. | ||
* A goal: I applied <u>for a job</u>. | * A goal: I applied <u>for a job</u>. | ||
* A benefactive: I would do anything <u>for him</u>. | * A benefactive: I would do anything <u>for him</u>. | ||
The | ==== Partitive ==== | ||
The partitive case is used for: | |||
* A subset: I met some <u>of them</u>. | * A subset: I met some <u>of them</u>. | ||
* A distinction: I am different <u>from them</u>. | * A distinction: I am different <u>from them</u>. | ||
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* Certain objects of intransitive verbs: I drank <u>of the water</u>. (Also used in Valmoric with such verbs as "forget", "know" and "remember". | * Certain objects of intransitive verbs: I drank <u>of the water</u>. (Also used in Valmoric with such verbs as "forget", "know" and "remember". | ||
The | ==== Comparative ==== | ||
The comparative case is used for: | |||
* Equative comparisons: I am as good <u>as them</u>. | * Equative comparisons: I am as good <u>as them</u>. | ||
* Differentiating comparisons: I am better <u>than them</u>. | * Differentiating comparisons: I am better <u>than them</u>. | ||
The | ==== Essive ==== | ||
The essive case is used for: | |||
* A state of being: <u>Being a composer</u> I know a lot about music. | * A state of being: <u>Being a composer</u> I know a lot about music. | ||
* A period of time: I often went swimming <u>as a child</u>. | * A period of time: I often went swimming <u>as a child</u>. | ||
The | ==== Vocative ==== | ||
The vocative case expresses direct address: Hello, <u>world</u>! | |||
It is considered rude to "react" when one's name is mentioned in someone else's conversation except in the vocative, as this is considered an interruption. | |||
=== Number === | === Number === | ||