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Tumacan is a grammatically conservative descendant of Old Bhadhagha, spoken near the Tumaca Mountains.
Phonology
Consonants
- /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to (unaspirated) [p t c k] in all positions.
- slender c, g, ch > /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ > retroflexes
- /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].
- th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
- /ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː].
or just new consonants like tr dr > ts dz ks gz
grammatical mutation: just lenition - or no mutation at all?
Vowels
Tumacan retains some Old Bhadhagha diphthongs - and has altered some of them.
Morphology
Nouns
Tumacan retains the Old Bhadhagha possessive suffixes.
Verbs
tumaca could have b-prefixation (lenition or b-) only when there's a direct object
ní on the other hand doesnt trigger lenition (it didn't in OT)
- 1sg: túsain > tiusen
- 2sg: túsair > tiusez
- 3sg: tús > tius (not pro-drop)
- 1pl.exc: túsaiṁ > tiusem
- 1pl.inc: túsait > tiused
- 2pl: túsaisc > tiuseš
- 3pl: tiusa or tiusai (not used with non-pronominal subjects)