Verse:Hmøøh/Fyxoom/Music

Tumacan is a grammatically conservative descendant of Old Bhadhagha, spoken near the Tumaca Mountains.

Phonology

Consonants

  • /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to (unaspirated) [p t c k] in all positions.
  • ch > š
  • /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].
  • th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
  • /ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː].

m > b

grammatical mutation: just lenition - or no mutation at all?

ph bh fh mh th dh sh ch gh > f v f m ħ d š ç j

N L R / n l r > [n̪, ɫ, r] / [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].

Vowels

Tumacan retains some Old Bhadhagha diphthongs - and has altered some of them.

Morphology

Nouns

Tumacan retains the Old Bhadhagha possessive suffixes.

Verbs

tumaca could have b-prefixation (lenition or b-) only when there's a direct object

ní on the other hand doesnt trigger lenition (it didn't in OT)

  • 1sg: túsain > tiusen
  • 2sg: túsair > tiusez
  • 3sg: tús > tius (not pro-drop)
  • 1pl.exc: túsaiṁ > tiusem
  • 1pl.inc: túsait > tiused
  • 2pl: túsaisc > tiuseš
  • 3pl: tiusa or tiusai (not used with non-pronominal subjects)