Verse:Hmøøh/Fyxoom/Music
Tumacan is a grammatically conservative descendant of Old Bhadhagha, spoken near the Tumaca Mountains.
Phonology
Consonants
- /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to (unaspirated) [p t c k] in all positions.
- ch > š
- /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].
- th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
- /ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː].
m > b
grammatical mutation: just lenition - or no mutation at all?
ph bh fh mh th dh sh ch gh > f v f m ħ d š ç j
N L R / n l r > [n̪, ɫ, r] / [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].
the current consonant system: m n ng ph th kh p t k b d f s š ç H h v (nasalized δ) z R r l j
Vowels
Tumacan retains some Old Bhadhagha diphthongs - and has altered some of them.
Most importantly, Tumacan retains Old Bhadhagha final vowel qualities instead of reducing final vowels like Bhadhagha.
a e i o u > a ə i o u
á é í ó ú > oa ei í ou iu
ai ei io oi ui > ä e i e i
ae ao ái éi eó éu ia ío íu iú ói oí ua úi uí > á au á ei ea au ia io í ú oi əi ua ú əi
Morphology
Nouns
Tumacan retains construct state and the Old Bhadhagha possessive suffixes.
- boaz, im boaz, báze - tree, the tree, tree of
- báza, na báza, bázan - trees, the trees, trees of
Verbs
tumaca could have b-prefixation (lenition or b-) only when there's a direct object
ní on the other hand doesnt trigger lenition (it didn't in OT)
- 1sg: túsain > tiusen
- 2sg: túsair > tiusez
- 3sg: tús > tius (not pro-drop)
- 1pl.exc: túsaiṁ > tiusem
- 1pl.inc: túsait > tiused
- 2pl: túsaisc > tiuseš
- 3pl: tiusa or tiusai (not used with non-pronominal subjects)