Verse:Hmøøh/Talma/Literature

Netagin (barīts Natāgīn) is a triconsonantal language inspired by Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, spoken in Western Cuadhlabh. This page describes Ancient Netagin.

Todo

• final -ʔ to block initial seimhiu in descendants
• need more binyanim

Roots

• n-t-g: ???
• r-s-d: study
• z-ʔ-r: go
• k-d-d: fly
• w-r-š: love

Phonology

Ancient Netagin

Ancient Netagin had the following consonants:

m n ŋ t tʼ k kʼ ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ʃ ħ h z ʕ w r j

⟨m n ŋ t ṭ c q ʔ b d g f s ts ś tś š ħ h z ȝ w r y⟩

The following vowels were used:

i iː u uː
a aː oː
aj aw

⟨i ī u ū a ā ō ay aw⟩

Stress is marked with an acute accent.

Old Netagin

Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V

Vowels go through Tiberian Hebrew-ish changes

Morphology

Nouns

Three numbers: sg, du/col, pl

Four genders: solar, lunar, terrestrial, aquatic (like Valyrian)

absolute, construct, possessed forms

Definite article: ha-(gemination)

solar: -i, -ú, -á lunar: -an, -ónú, -óná terrestrial: -ín, -ayyú, -ayyá aquatic: -t, -tú, -tá

constructs: solar sg drops the i, lunar sg changes the -an to -áʔ, terrestrial changes -ín to -ay, du and pl change the -ú/-á to an -ó

Vowel-reducing paradigms

The largest class of vowel-reducing nouns have á or é between the first and second radicals that reduces to a/e (harmonizing with the frontness of following vowel; i after a y) when a suffix is added.

"Crawling-up" nouns

The "crawling-up" (Netagin: mittzúchábh) nouns underlyingly end in a consonant cluster. In the singular oblique cases the stem is turned into a CaCC (if the bare form is CeCaC, CiCC for CéCaC and CoCC for CóCaC) form, and the dual and plural turn the stem into (CaCáC, CeCáC and CoCáC).

Nouns ending in geminated consonants

These nouns may take sound case/number suffixes, or get the broken plural as a CVCC/CVnC stem.

-eh

In nouns ending in -eh, the -eh is deleted before a case ending.

Pronouns

	First person			Second person			Third person
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Independent	ʔácti	ʔáccū	ʔáccā	ʔánni	ʔánnū	ʔánnā	hínni, hínnan, hínnīn, hínnat	hínnū	hínnā
Clitic	-ti	-cū	-cā	-ni	-nū	-nā	-hi	-hū	-hā

Verbs

Netagin verbs, perhaps similarly to those of Biblical Hebrew, mark aspect and person, but not tense. (Netagin, rather unusually, renders tense as proclitics on NPs instead.) Non-concatenative morphology figures prominently in conjugation for valence and TAM, much like in Semitic and Proto-Indo-European. However, verbs can also be derived via derivational "mishqalim" patterns (with considerable overlap with nominal patterns).

Primary stems

For inflectional paradigms, please see Netagin/Primary stem conjugation.

The primary stems inflect with heavy use of transfixes. Comprising about 500 verbs, this class is the counterpart to strong verbs in Germanic. There are up to 4 primary patterns or "binyanim" that a root may take in Netagin:

• In the Intransitive paradigm are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold"). It is often considered the most basic form. The difference between adjectives and stative verbs is roughly equivalent to the ser-estar distinction.
• The Transitive paradigm contains most monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Intransitive verbs ("make happy"). Can also have a telic (desired outcome was reached) meaning.
• The Reflexive pattern consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
• The Causative pattern contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Intransitives and Reflexives). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).

Note that there is no passive in Netagin - this function is mainly served by zeroth person in transitive verbs or with Reflexive verbs, or simply topicalization of the patient.

	Perfective	Imperfective	Participle	Action noun
Basic	CaCaC	CiCːaC	CōCiC	CaCīC
Transitive	CuCuC	CaCːī1C	muCaCːīC	CaCːīCā
Reflexive	ˀiCCi1C	niCCiC	miCːūCāC	ˀaCCuCt
Causative	ˀaCCaC	ˀiCːiCaC	maCCāC	ˀaCCaCā

¹ Shortens to i when a suffix is added.

Suffixes beginning with a vowel cause the vowel between C and C to be elided.

The infinitive (inf) is formed by leniting the first letter of the bare stem of the verb, or if said first letter is a guttural or n, adding fa-.

The participle is an agent noun or an adjective. Adverbializing it yields manner of action "as if to X".

The action noun (axn) or gerund is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-gen AXN OBJECT-acc. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer.

Derived stems

The derived conjugation generates the bulk of new verbs in Netagin. The inflection, incorporating various concatenative formatives from the primary inflection, is almost entirely linear.

	Perfective	Imperfective	Participle	Action noun
Intransitive	ˀe[STEM]	[STEM]	miN[STEM]	ˀa[STEM]íthN
Transitive	ˀa[STEM]	ˀiN[STEM]	mu[STEM]	[STEM]íyáˀN

The infinitive is formed in the same manner as for the primary stems.

Patterns

Many derived verb patterns are verbalized noun patterns.

Affixes

Unipersonal (suffix) conjugation

The suffix conjugation is used for inherently intransitive (unaccusative) or reflexive verbs, and imperatives. Unipersonal verbs are negated in the optative/imperative by núr^N.

Unipersonal verb structure

0	1	2
Stem/Voice/Aspect	Personal suffix	Imperative or Polarity/Focus

In the indicative the personal suffixes represent the subject; in the imperative they indicate the object.

Unipersonal suffixes
Person	Singular	Paucal	Plural
0	-c[h]1áˀ
1	-d(i)/-gh(i)1/-t[h]1í3	-t[h]1ú	-t[h]1áˀ
2	-ann	-nú	-náˀ
3	-(a)2/-í3	-ú	-áˀ

The 0th, 1st and 2nd person forms are penultimately stressed; the 3rd person forms are ultimately stressed.

¹After vowels or mh.
²As indicative subject; not expressed without another suffix
³As imperative object.

Slot 2 suffixes
Netagin	Gloss
-n	Imperative (imp)
-chú	Affirmative focus (aff.foc)
-hí	Negative (neg)
-náˀ/-cháˀ*	Negative focus (neg.foc)

*In second person forms.