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''' | '''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author. | ||
==Phonology== | |||
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui | |||
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/ | |||
Voiceless stops are unaspirated. | |||
'''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'. | |||
===Diachronics=== | |||
o > u | |||
RC > aRC | |||
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/ | l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/ | ||
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn | |||
==Pronouns== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''jaa'' 'I' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''jaa''||''angmii'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''mini''||''angmaqun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''mai''||''angmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''mi'' ||''angmi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''tuu'' 'thou' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''tuu''||''juu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''tivi''||''jungmaqun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''tai''||''jungmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''ti'' ||''jungmi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Reflexive pronoun | |||
|- | |||
!| !! (Number-neutral) | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''qivi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''qai'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''qi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''qivit, qiit'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''qivit, qiit'' | |||
|} | |||
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead. | |||
*siqu, siqaa, situt = this | |||
*qu, qaa, tut = that | |||
*ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun) | |||
*kiq? kia? kit? = who? what? | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
===Functions of the cases=== | |||
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register. | |||
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped. | |||
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin. | |||
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns. | |||
*The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative: | |||
**''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf. | |||
**''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf. | |||
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary. | |||
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative. | |||
*"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but ''taamut'' 'from the house') | |||
*For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative. | |||
*Agents of passive verbs use the ablative. | |||
===Thematic=== | |||
====o-stem masculine==== | |||
====o-stem neuter==== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''wírdun''||''wírdaa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''wírdaa''||''wírduun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''wírdai''||''wírdavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''wírdun'' ||''wírdaa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavi'' | ||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa!'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''wírdo'' 'law' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative-Accusative | |||
|''wírdo''||''wírdaa(q)'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''wírdaa''||''wírduu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''wírdai''||''wírdavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative-Locative | |||
|''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa(q)!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====eh2-stems==== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰug-éh₂}} 'refuge') | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''vukáaq''||''vukúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''vukái''||''vukáavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''vukáan'' ||''vukáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''vukáaq''||''vukúu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''vukái''||''vukáavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative-Locative | |||
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====u-stems==== | |||
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''quunúq'' 'son' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''quunúq''||''quunúwiq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''quuníuq''||''quunúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''quuníwi''||''quunúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''quunún'' ||''quunúuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''quunú!'' ||''quunúwiq!'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''iglú'' 'tent, camp' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''iglú''||''iglúa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''iglíuq''||''iglúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''iglíwi''||''iglúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''iglú'' ||''iglúa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''iglú!'' ||''iglúa!'' | |||
|} | |||
====i-stems==== | |||
Masculine and feminine i-stems: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''ingníq'' 'fire' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''ingníq''||''ingníiq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''ingníiq''||''ingnúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''ingníi''||''ingnívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''ingnín'' ||''ingníiq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''ingnít'' ||''ingnívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''ingnít'' ||''ingnívi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''ingní!'' ||''ingníiq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''teeppútiq'' 'master'. | |||
Neuter i-stems: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind') | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''anurí''||''anuría'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''anuríiq''||''anurúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''anuríi''||''anurívuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''anurí'' ||''anuría'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''anurít'' ||''anurívuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''anurít'' ||''anurívi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''anurí!'' ||''anuría!'' | |||
|} | |||
==== h2-stems and thematized athematics ==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''imaq'' 'sea' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''imáq''||''imáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''imiáq''||''imúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''imái''||''imávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''imán'' ||''imáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''imát'' ||''imávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''imát'' ||''imávi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''imá!'' ||''imáaq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Nouns with a vowel before the ''-aq'' decline as follows: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
== | |+ ''tannguáq'' 'tongue; language (f.)' | ||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''tannguáq''||''tannguáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''tanngujáq''||''tannguwúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''tannguái''||''tannguávuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''tannguán'' ||''tannguáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''tannguá!'' ||''tannguáaq!'' | |||
|} | |||
====n-stems==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''zamáa'' 'human' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''zamaa''||''zamuniq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''zamuuq''||''zamunuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''zamunii''||''zamunavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''zamunan'' ||''zamunaaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''zamunit'' ||''zamunavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''zamunit'' ||''zamunavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''zamuni!'' ||''zamuniq!'' | |||
|} | |||
'' | ====-mn-nouns==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''núman'' 'name' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''numan''||''numanaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''numaaq''||''numanuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''numanii''||''numanavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''numan'' ||''numanaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''numanit'' ||''numanavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''numanit'' ||''numanavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!'' | |||
|} | |||
Also: ''wírman'' 'time', ''wíngman'' 'clothes' | |||
===Athematic=== | |||
Example nouns: ''qaullaq'' = sun; ''apalaq'' = apple | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''réezaq'' 'king' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''reezaq''||''reeziq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''reeziaq''||''reezuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''reezii''||''reezavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''reezan'' ||''reezaaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''reezit'' ||''reezavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''reezit'' ||''reezavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''rees!'' ||''reeziq!'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''iqalugaq'' 'trout' (< Proto-Inuit ''ǝqaluɣ'') | ||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''iqalugaq''||''iqalugiq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''iqalugiaq''||''iqaluguun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''iqalugii''||''iqalugavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''iqalugan'' ||''iqalugaaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''iqalugit'' ||''iqalugavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''iqalugit'' ||''iqalugavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!'' | |||
|} | |||
''Wútar'' 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form ''wútraa'' (declined as a feminine ''-aa'' noun) is preferred; this survives as ''õdra'' in the modern language. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''wútar'' 'water' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''wútar''||''wútanaa'' | ||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''wútaniaq''||''wútanuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''wútanii''||''wútanavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''wútar'' ||''wútanaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavuq'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''wútanit'' ||''wútanavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''wútar!'' ||''wútanaa!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
''náawuq'' (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''náawuq'' 'boat, ship' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''náawuq''||''náawiq'' | ||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''naawíuq''||''náawuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''naawí''||''náawuvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''náawun'' ||''náawuuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvuq'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''náawit'' ||''náawuvi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''náawu!'' ||''náawiq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===''pateer''-class=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''pateer'' 'father' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''pateer''||''patiriq'' | ||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''patriaq''||''patiruun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''patrii''||''patiravuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''patran'' ||''patiraaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''patrit'' ||''patiravuq'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''patrit'' ||''patiravi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''patir!'' ||''patiriq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god) | |||
==Adjectives== | |||
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles). | |||
===-uq adjectives=== | |||
''qinuq'' 'old' | |||
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun | |||
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi | |||
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
===-iq adjectives=== | |||
iqusiniq 'noble' | |||
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia | |||
===-aq adjectives=== | |||
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa | |||
==Prepositions== | |||
*''su'' = w/ abl.: with (instrumental) | |||
*''san'' = w/ abl.: with (comitative) | |||
*''viz'' = w/ gen.: without | |||
*''in'' | |||
**w/ acc.: into | |||
**w/ loc.: inside | |||
*''at'' | |||
**w/ acc.: towards; at | |||
**w/ loc.: at, by | |||
*''attir'' | |||
**w/ loc.: between, | |||
**w/ acc.: against | |||
*''ut'' = w/ abl.: out of | |||
*''ipi'' | |||
**w/ acc.: onto | |||
**w/ loc.: on | |||
*''tira'' | |||
**w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond | |||
**w/ loc: beyond | |||
==Verbs== | |||
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative. | |||
===Athematic=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''tituat'' 'he gives', pres. ind. | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1 | !|1 | ||
|'' | |''tituan''||''titumaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''tituaq''||''tituti'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3 | !|3 | ||
|'' | |''tituat''||''tituut'' | ||
|} | |||
===e/o-thematic=== | |||
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists. | |||
Some verbs in this class: | |||
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines | |||
*''vinnit, ivanni'' = binds | |||
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries | |||
{| class="bluetable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || ''vinnaa'' || ''vinnaar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''vinniq'' || ''vinnitar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''vinnit'' || ''vinnitur'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || ''vinnumaq'' || ''vinnumaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''vinniti'' || ''vinnitau, vinnitaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''vinnuut'' || ''vinnuttur'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || ''ivanna'' || ''ivannar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''ivanni'' || ''ivannur'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || ''ivannami'' || ''ivannamaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''ivannati'' || ''ivannatau, ivannataqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''ivanneer'' || ''ivanneerur'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Optative | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || ''vinnain'' || ''vinnajaar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''vinnaiq'' || ''vinnaitar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''vinnait'' || ''vinnaitur'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || ''vinnaimaq'' || ''vinnaimaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''vinnaiti'' || ''vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''vinnajuut'' || ''vinnajuttur'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Participles | |||
|- | |||
! Tense !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| Present || ''vinnattaq'' || ''vinnumuq'' | |||
|- | |||
| Past || ''vannawuq'' || ''vannuq'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Nasal infix present verbs=== | |||
===-eh2- verbs=== | |||
teepputijaat = he rules | |||
*present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat | |||
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer | |||
===-éye- verbs=== | |||
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints | |||
*present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut | |||
*past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer | |||
===Copula=== | |||
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut | |||
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer | |||
==Numerals== | |||
*zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.) | |||
*I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr'' | |||
*II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur'' | |||
*III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr'' | |||
*IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr'' | |||
*Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur'' | |||
*ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur'' | |||
*ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur'' | |||
*ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur'' | |||
*ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur'' | |||
*Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur'' | |||
*XI: ainumpirsą | |||
*XII: tuumpirsą | |||
*XIII: triipirsą | |||
*XIIII: kituarpirsą | |||
*XΛ: pikkipirsą | |||
*XΛI: wiipirsą | |||
*XΛII: qiptapirsą | |||
*XΛIII: ustaapirsą | |||
*XΛIIII: niwapirsą | |||
*XX: tuihtisaą | |||
*XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą | |||
*XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą | |||
*... | |||
*XXX: tirtisą | |||
*XXXX: kituartisą | |||
*D: pinkitisą | |||
*DX: wiitisą | |||
*DXX: qiptantisą | |||
*DXXX: ustantisą | |||
*DXXXX: niwantisą | |||
*O: santų | |||
*Q: pinkisantų | |||
*M: tuxantų | |||
*Ī (10000): zillių | |||
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių | |||
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular. | |||
===Declension=== | |||
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns. | |||
====''tuwai''==== | |||
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun'' | |||
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate) | |||
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate) | |||
====''tria''==== | |||
*nom./acc./voc. ''triiq'' (animate), ''tria'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''trijuun'' | |||
*dat./abl. ''triivuq'' | |||
*loc. ''triivi'' | |||
====''kituara''==== | |||
*nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | |||
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''kituaruun'' | |||
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq'' | |||
*loc. ''kituaravi'' | |||
==Derivation== | |||
*''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os) | |||
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ... | |||
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses' | |||
*''-inuq'' = agent | |||
*''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent | |||
**''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king | |||
*''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument | |||
==Syntax== | |||
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO | |||
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO. | |||
:PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.''''' | |||
:Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.''''' | |||
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.''''' | |||
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.''''' | |||
:''The living fish swims in the water.'' | |||
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. | |||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]] |
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