Linguifex

Verse:Lõis/Qivattutannguaq: Difference between revisions

Verse Discussion

Verse:Lõis/Qivattutannguaq (view source)

Revision as of 21:52, 10 March 2024

6,641 bytes added ,  10 March
m
→‎Phonology
 
(496 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
:[[Qivattutannguaq/Q|Siqa tuqsuq Qivattut (This page in Qivattu)]]
'''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author.
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = Qivattutannguaq
|pronunciation = /hivatːutaŋːuˈaχ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], {{PAGENAME}} script
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''Qivattutannguaq'' /hivatːutaŋːuˈaχ/ or ''Qivattuq tannguaq'' /hivaˈtːuχ taŋːuˈaχ/) was an Indo-European language inspired by Inuit, Old Persian and Proto-Celtic.
 
It was spoken in Qivattulundun, which is located in our Great Britain.
 
*1: ainuq (m.)/ainaa (f.)/ainun (n.)
*2: tuwaa
*3: tirriq
*4: kituariq
*5. pikkiq
*6: uwiq
*7: iqtun
*8: astaa
*9: niwun
*10: tisun
*100: sattun
 
*siiman = seed (related to German Keim)
*tiutaa = tribe
*teewaq = god
*siuqit < *ǵews-eti = to try
*suqtuq  (< *ǵews-tus) = attempt
*imaq (m) = sea
*iqaluk (m) = trout
*anuri (n) = storm
*iqariuq = red
*talguq = long
*tuattuq (m) = trail
*arsattuq (m) = silver
*taiseet = to pinpoint
*ziimaa = winter
 
''Kiiwuq piksuq wutarit naaksit.'' = The living fish swims in the water.
 
==Welshy descendant==
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui


Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l r j w/
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/


Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.


'''i u''' are pronounced [e o] before '''q'''.
'''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'.
===Diachronics===
===Diachronics===
o > u
o > u
Line 66: Line 15:
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/


wh = voiceless w
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''izaa'' 'I'
|+ ''jaa'' 'I'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''izaa''||''ammii''
|''jaa''||''angmii''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''mini''||''ammaqun''
|''mini''||''angmaqun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''mai''||''ammai''
|''mai''||''angmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''mi'' ||''ammi''
|''mi'' ||''angmi''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''minit'' ||''ammavuq''
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''minit'' ||''ammavi''
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi''
|}
|}


Line 103: Line 52:
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''tivi''||''junngaqun''
|''tivi''||''jungmaqun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''tai''||''junngai''
|''tai''||''jungmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''ti'' ||''junngi''
|''ti'' ||''jungmi''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''tivit'' ||''junngavuq''
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''tivit'' ||''junngavi''
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi''
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Reflexive pronoun
|-
!| !! (Number-neutral)
|-
!|Nominative
|''-''
|-
!|Genitive
|''qivi''
|-
!|Dative
|''qai''
|-
!|Accusative
|''qi''
|-
!|Ablative
|''qivit, qiit''
|-
!|Locative
|''qivit, qiit''
|}
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.


*siqu, siqaa, situt = this
*siqu, siqaa, situt = this
*qu, qaa, tut = that
*qu, qaa, tut = that
*ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
*kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Functions of the cases===
===Functions of the cases===
*The direct object of a negative verb takes the genitive:
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
**''Suwaa iwiti walkun.'' = The dog saw a wolf.
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
**''Suwaa neen iwiti walkaa.'' = The dog did not see a wolf.
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
*The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
**''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf.
**''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf.
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary.
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative.
*"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but ''taamut'' 'from the house')
*For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative.
*Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
 
===Thematic===
===Thematic===
====o-stems====
====o-stem masculine====
 
====o-stem neuter====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''walkuq'' 'wolf' (< {{recon|wĺ̥kʷos}})
|+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''walkuq''||''walkaaq''
|''wírdun''||''wírdaa''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''walkaa''||''walkuun''
|''wírdaa''||''wírduun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''walkai''||''walkavuq''
|''wírdai''||''wírdavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''walkun'' ||''walkuuq''
|''wírdun'' ||''wírdaa''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''walkiat'' ||''walkavuq''
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''walkiat'' ||''walkavi''
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''walki!'' ||''walkaaq!''
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa!''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wírdo'' 'law'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative-Accusative
|''wírdo''||''wírdaa(q)''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wírdaa''||''wírduu''
|-
!|Dative
|''wírdai''||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa(q)!''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}


 
====eh2-stems====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wirdun'' 'word' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}})
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰug-éh₂}} 'refuge')
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''wirdun''||''wirdaa''
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''wirdaa''||''wirduun''
|''vukáaq''||''vukúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''wirdai''||''wirdavuq''
|''vukái''||''vukáavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''wirdun'' ||''wirdaa''
|''vukáan'' ||''vukáaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''wirdiat'' ||''wirdavuq''
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''wirdiat'' ||''wirdavi''
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''vukáaq''||''vukúu''
|-
!|Dative
|''vukái''||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''wirdi!'' ||''wirdaa!''
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


====eh2-stems====
====u-stems====
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukaa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰugéh₂}})
|+ ''quunúq'' 'son'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''vukaa''||''vukaaq''
|''quunúq''||''quunúwiq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''vukaaq''||''vukuun''
|''quuníuq''||''quunúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''vukai''||''vukaavuq''
|''quuníwi''||''quunúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''vukaan'' ||''vukaaq''
|''quunún'' ||''quunúuq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''vukaat'' ||''vukaavuq''
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''vukaat'' ||''vukaavi''
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''vukaa!'' ||''vukaaq!''
|''quunú!'' ||''quunúwiq!''
|}
|}


====u-stems====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''quunuq'' 'son'
|+ ''iglú'' 'tent, camp'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''quunuq''||''quunuwiq''
|''iglú''||''iglúa''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''quuniuq''||''quunuun''
|''iglíuq''||''iglúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''quuniwi''||''quunuvuq''
|''iglíwi''||''iglúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''quunun'' ||''quunuuq''
|''iglú'' ||''iglúa''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''quunut'' ||''quunuvuq''
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''quunut'' ||''quunuvi''
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''quunu!'' ||''quuniwiq!''
|''iglú!'' ||''iglúa!''
|}
|}


====i-stems====
====i-stems====
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ingniq'' 'fire'
|+ ''ingníq'' 'fire'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''ingniq''||''ingniiq''
|''ingníq''||''ingníiq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''ingniiq''||''ingnuun, ingnijuun''
|''ingníiq''||''ingnúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''ingnii''||''ingnivuq''
|''ingníi''||''ingnívuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''ingnin'' ||''ingniiq''
|''ingnín'' ||''ingníiq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''ingnit'' ||''ingnivuq''
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''ingnit'' ||''ingnivi''
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''ingni!'' ||''ingniiq!''
|''ingní!'' ||''ingníiq!''
|}
|}
Also: ''teepputiq'' 'master'.
Also: ''teeppútiq'' 'master'.


Neuter i-stems:
Neuter i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''anuri'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind')
|+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind')
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''anuri''||''anuria''
|''anurí''||''anuría''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''anuriiq''||''anuruun, anurijuun''
|''anuríiq''||''anurúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''anurii''||''anurivuq''
|''anuríi''||''anurívuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''anuri'' ||''anuria''
|''anurí'' ||''anuría''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''anurit'' ||''anurivuq''
|''anurít'' ||''anurívuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''anurit'' ||''anurivi''
|''anurít'' ||''anurívi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''anuri!'' ||''anuria!''
|''anurí!'' ||''anuría!''
|}
|}


====h2-stems====
==== h2-stems and thematized athematics ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea'  
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea'  
Line 303: Line 348:
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''imaq''||''imaaq''
|''imáq''||''imáaq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''imiaq''||''imuun''
|''imiáq''||''imúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''imai''||''imavuq''
|''imái''||''imávuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''iman'' ||''imaaq''
|''imán'' ||''imáaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''imat'' ||''imavuq''
|''imát'' ||''imávuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''imat'' ||''imavi''
|''imát'' ||''imávi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''ima!'' ||''imaat!''
|''imá!'' ||''imáaq!''
|}
 
Nouns with a vowel before the ''-aq'' decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''tannguáq'' 'tongue; language (f.)'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''tannguáq''||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''tanngujáq''||''tannguwúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''tannguái''||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''tannguán'' ||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''tannguá!'' ||''tannguáaq!''
|}
|}


Line 327: Line 400:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''zamaa'' 'human'
|+ ''zamáa'' 'human'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 355: Line 428:
====-mn-nouns====
====-mn-nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''numan'' 'name'
|+ ''núman'' 'name'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 380: Line 453:
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!''
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!''
|}
|}
Also: ''wirman'' 'time', ''wingman'' 'clothes'
Also: ''wírman'' 'time', ''wíngman'' 'clothes'


===Athematic===
===Athematic===
Example nouns: ''qaullaq'' = sun; ''apalaq'' = apple
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''reezaq'' 'king'
|+ ''réezaq'' 'king'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 392: Line 467:
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''reezaq''||''reezuun''
|''reeziaq''||''reezuun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
Line 409: Line 484:
|''rees!'' ||''reeziq!''
|''rees!'' ||''reeziq!''
|}
|}
Likewise: ''qaul'' = sun


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
Line 420: Line 494:
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''iqalugaq''||''iqaluguun''
|''iqalugiaq''||''iqaluguun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
Line 436: Line 510:
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!''
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!''
|}
''Wútar'' 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form ''wútraa'' (declined as a feminine ''-aa'' noun) is preferred; this survives as ''õdra'' in the modern language.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wútar'' 'water'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''wútar''||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wútaniaq''||''wútanuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''wútanii''||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''wútar'' ||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Ablative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wútar!'' ||''wútanaa!''
|}
''náawuq'' (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''náawuq'' 'boat, ship'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''náawuq''||''náawiq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''naawíuq''||''náawuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''naawí''||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''náawun'' ||''náawuuq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''náawu!'' ||''náawiq!''
|}
|}


===''pateer''-class===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wutar'' 'water'
|+ ''pateer'' 'father'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''wutar''||''wutaraa''
|''pateer''||''patiriq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''wutar''||''wutaruun''
|''patriaq''||''patiruun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''wutarii''||''wutaravuq''
|''patrii''||''patiravuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''wutaran'' ||''wutaraaq''
|''patran'' ||''patiraaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''wutarit'' ||''wutaravuq''
|''patrit'' ||''patiravuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''wutarit'' ||''wutaravi''
|''patrit'' ||''patiravi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''wutar!'' ||''wutaraa!''
|''patir!'' ||''patiriq!''
|}
|}


Declined similarly: pateer, maateer, vraateer, whiqaar, dukateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter
 
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
===-uq adjectives===
''qinuq'' 'old'
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
===-iq adjectives===
iqusiniq 'noble'
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia
===-aq adjectives===
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
==Prepositions==
==Prepositions==
*''su'' = with
*''su'' = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
*''viz'' = without
*''san'' = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
*''viz'' = w/ gen.: without
*''in''
**w/ acc.: into
**w/ loc.: inside
*''at''
**w/ acc.: towards; at
**w/ loc.: at, by
*''attir''
**w/ loc.: between,
**w/ acc.: against
*''ut'' = w/ abl.: out of
*''ipi''
**w/ acc.: onto
**w/ loc.: on
*''tira''
**w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
**w/ loc: beyond


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Line 482: Line 648:
|-
|-
!|1
!|1
|''tituami''||''titumaq''
|''tituan''||''titumaq''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
Line 496: Line 662:
Some verbs in this class:
Some verbs in this class:
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines
*''vindit, ivandi'' = binds
*''vinnit, ivanni'' = binds
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries


Line 506: Line 672:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 1SG || ''vindaa'' || ''vindaar''
| 1SG || ''vinnaa'' || ''vinnaar''
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''vindiq'' || ''vinditar''
| 2SG || ''vinniq'' || ''vinnitar''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''vindit'' || ''vinditur''
| 3SG || ''vinnit'' || ''vinnitur''
|-
|-
| 1PL || ''vindumaq'' || ''vindumaqti''
| 1PL || ''vinnumaq'' || ''vinnumaqti''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''vinditi'' || ''vinditau''
| 2PL || ''vinniti'' || ''vinnitau, vinnitaqti''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''vinduut'' || ''vinduttur''
| 3PL || ''vinnuut'' || ''vinnuttur''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Past
! colspan="3" | Past
Line 522: Line 688:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 1SG || ''ivanda'' || ''ivandar''
| 1SG || ''ivanna'' || ''ivannar''
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar''
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''ivandi'' || ''ivandur''
| 3SG || ''ivanni'' || ''ivannur''
|-
| 1PL || ''ivandami'' || ''ivandamaqti''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''ivandati'' || ''ivandatau''
| 1PL || ''ivannami'' || ''ivannamaqti''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''ivandeer'' || ''ivandeerur''
| 2PL || ''ivannati'' || ''ivannatau, ivannataqti''
|-
! colspan="3" | Subjunctive
|-
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
| 3PL || ''ivanneer'' || ''ivanneerur''
|-
| 1SG || ''vindaa'' || ''vindaar''
|-
| 2SG || ''vindeeq'' || ''vindeetar''
|-
| 3SG || ''vindeet'' || ''vindeetur''
|-
| 1PL || ''vindaamaq'' || ''vindaamaqti''
|-
| 2PL || ''vindeeti'' || ''vindeetau''
|-
| 3PL || ''vindaat'' || ''vindaattur''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Optative
! colspan="3" | Optative
Line 554: Line 704:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 1SG || ''vindaimi'' || ''vindajaar''
| 1SG || ''vinnain'' || ''vinnajaar''
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''vindaiq'' || ''vindaitar''
| 2SG || ''vinnaiq'' || ''vinnaitar''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''vindait'' || ''vindaitur''
| 3SG || ''vinnait'' || ''vinnaitur''
|-
|-
| 1PL || ''vindaimaq'' || ''vindaimaqti''
| 1PL || ''vinnaimaq'' || ''vinnaimaqti''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''vindaiti'' || ''vindaitau''
| 2PL || ''vinnaiti'' || ''vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''vindajuut'' || ''vindajuttur''
| 3PL || ''vinnajuut'' || ''vinnajuttur''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Imperative
! colspan="3" | Imperative
Line 570: Line 720:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''vindi!'' || ''vindiqi!''
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''vinditaa!'' || ''vinditaar!''
| 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''vinditi!'' || ''vinditau!''
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''vinduttaa!'' || ''vinduttaar!''
| 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Participles
! colspan="3" | Participles
Line 582: Line 732:
! Tense !! Active !! Passive
! Tense !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| Present || ''vindattaq'' || ''vindumnuq''
| Present || ''vinnattaq'' || ''vinnumuq''
|-
|-
| Past || ''vandawuq'' || ''vantuq''
| Past || ''vannawuq'' || ''vannuq''
|}
|}


===Nasal infix present verbs===
===Nasal infix present verbs===
===-eh2-verbs===
===-eh2- verbs===
teepputijaat = he dominates, he lords over
teepputijaat = he rules


*present: teepputijaa, temputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
*present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaaqami, iteepputijaaqati, iteepputijaaqeer
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
 
===-éye- verbs===
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
 
*present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
*past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer


===Copula===
===Copula===
*present: ingmi, iqi, iqt, ingmaq, iqti, quut
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
==Numerals==
*zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
*I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr''
*II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur''
*III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr''
*IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr''
*Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur''
*ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur''
*ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur''
*ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur''
*ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur''
*Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur''
*XI: ainumpirsą
*XII: tuumpirsą
*XIII: triipirsą
*XIIII: kituarpirsą
*XΛ: pikkipirsą
*XΛI: wiipirsą
*XΛII: qiptapirsą
*XΛIII: ustaapirsą
*XΛIIII: niwapirsą
*XX: tuihtisaą
*XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
*XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
*...
*XXX: tirtisą
*XXXX: kituartisą
*D: pinkitisą
*DX: wiitisą
*DXX: qiptantisą
*DXXX: ustantisą
*DXXXX: niwantisą
*O: santų
*Q: pinkisantų
*M: tuxantų
*Ī (10000): zillių
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
===Declension===
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns.
====''tuwai''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun''
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate)
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate)
====''tria''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''triiq'' (animate), ''tria'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''trijuun''
*dat./abl. ''triivuq''
*loc. ''triivi''
====''kituara''====
*nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''kituaruun''
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq''
*loc. ''kituaravi''


==Derivation==
==Derivation==
*''-isuq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
*''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ...
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses'
*''-inuq'' = agent
*''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
**''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king
*''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument
 
==Syntax==
 
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO
 
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.


==Sample texts==
:PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.'''''
===Schleicher's Fable===
:Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.'''''
''Awiq iswaakki''
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.'''''
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.'''''
:''The living fish swims in the water.''


''Awiq, jungmai walinaa neen iqqi, iwiti iswuuq, ainun karun waznun tinngattan, ainunki mizalun kraaman, ainunki zamunan asu virattan. Awiq nuu iswavuq iwaki: "Sartaq anngitur mai, witattii zamunan iswuuq asattan." Iswaaq nuu awii iwakeer: "Asauqee, awi, sartaq anngitur ammai witattavuq situt: Zamaa, teepputiq, is awijuun walinaaq karnit qai girmun wingman. Awii nuu walinaa neen iqt." Awiq nuu situt slauqaawuq in plaanun ivuki.''
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.


''Aviς, juŋmai valinā nēn iςςi, iviti isvūς, ainun carun vaznun tiŋŋattan, ainun·ci mizalun crāman, ainun·ci zamunan asu firattan.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]]
IlL
138,726

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/159885...363653"