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:[[Qivattutannguaq/Q|Siqa tuqsuq Qivattut (This page in Qivattu)]]
'''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author.
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = Qivattutannguaq
|pronunciation = /hivatːutaŋːuaχ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], {{PAGENAME}} script
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''Qivattutannguaq'' /hivatːutaŋːuaχ/ or ''Qivattuq tannguaq'' /hivatːuχ taŋːuaχ/) was an Indo-European language inspired by Inuit, Old Persian and Proto-Celtic. 
 
Qivattutannguaq is a result of Indo-European being influenced by the paleo-European [[Corded Ware (Lõis)|Corded Ware languages]]. It was spoken in Qivattulundun, which is located in our Great Britain.
 
It was divided into two registers, the high register Qunngartutannguaq ("perfected language") and the Corded Ware-influenced vernacular Prisinitutannguaq ("natural language").
 
*1: ainuq (m.)/ainaa (f.)/ainun (n.)
*2: tuwaa
*3: tirriq
*4: kituariq
*5. pikkiq
*6: uwiq
*7: iqtun
*8: astaa
*9: niwun
*10: tisun
*100: sattun
 
*siiman = seed (related to German Keim)
*tiutaa = tribe
*teewaq = god
*siuqit < *ǵews-eti = he tries
*suqtuq  (< *ǵews-tus) = attempt
*imaq (m) = sea
*iqaluk (m) = trout
*anuri (n) = storm
*iqariuq = red
*talguq = long
*tuattuq (m) = trail
*arsattuq (m) = silver
*taiseet = he pinpoints, he locates
*ziimaa = winter
*wivuneet (wi-wonh1-eyeti) = he aspires
 
''Kiiwuq piksuq wutarit naaksit.'' = The living fish swims in the water.
 
==Names==
*Artukartuq "bear-strong" > **Artkaruq > TT-English Arthur
*Ingnisartuq "fire-hearted" > TT-English Innisert
*Qusinuq "well-born" > Husin (HYOO-zin)
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Qivattutannguaq has a rather small phonology.
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui


Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l r j w/
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/


Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.


'''i u''' are pronounced [e o] before '''q'''.
'''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'.
===Diachronics===
===Diachronics===
o > u
o > u
Line 74: Line 15:
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/


wh = voiceless w
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''izaa'' 'I'
|+ ''jaa'' 'I'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''izaa''||''ammii''
|''jaa''||''angmii''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''mini''||''ammaqun''
|''mini''||''angmaqun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''mai''||''ammai''
|''mai''||''angmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''mi'' ||''ammi''
|''mi'' ||''angmi''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''minit, miit'' ||''ammavuq''
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''minit, miit'' ||''ammavi''
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi''
|}
|}


Line 111: Line 52:
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''tivi''||''junngaqun''
|''tivi''||''jungmaqun''
|-
!|Dative
|''tai''||''jungmavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''ti'' ||''jungmi''
|-
!|Ablative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi''
|}
 
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Reflexive pronoun
|-
!| !! (Number-neutral)
|-
!|Nominative
|''-''
|-
!|Genitive
|''qivi''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''tai''||''junngai''
|''qai''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''ti'' ||''junngi''
|''qi''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''junngavuq''
|''qivit, qiit''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''junngavi''
|''qivit, qiit''
|}
|}
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.


*siqu, siqaa, situt = this
*siqu, siqaa, situt = this
*qu, qaa, tut = that
*qu, qaa, tut = that
*ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
*kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Case distinctions between subject and direct object was observed only in Qunngartutannguaq, not in the more Corded Ware-influenced Prisinitutannguaq.
===Functions of the cases===
===Functions of the cases===
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come befire nouns.
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
*The direct object of a negated verb takes the genitive:
*The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
**''Suwaa iwiti walkun.'' = The dog saw a wolf.
**''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf.
**''Suwaa neen iwiti walkaa.'' = The dog did not see a wolf.
**''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf.
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' is not necessary.
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary.
*Destinations for prepositions like ''in'' ' into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative.
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative.
*"from a location" generally just take the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''iks''.
*"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but ''taamut'' 'from the house')
*For 'with' (instrumental) the instrumental is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san''.
*For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative.
*Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.


===Thematic===
===Thematic===
====o-stems====
====o-stem masculine====
 
====o-stem neuter====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''walkuq'' 'wolf' (< {{recon|wĺ̥kʷos}})
|+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}})
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''walkuq''||''walkaaq''
|''wírdun''||''wírdaa''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''walkaa''||''walkuun''
|''wírdaa''||''wírduun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''walkai''||''walkavuq''
|''wírdai''||''wírdavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''walkun'' ||''walkuuq''
|''wírdun'' ||''wírdaa''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''walkiat'' ||''walkavuq''
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''walkiat'' ||''walkavi''
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''walki!'' ||''walkaaq!''
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa!''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wírdo'' 'law'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative-Accusative
|''wírdo''||''wírdaa(q)''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wírdaa''||''wírduu''
|-
!|Dative
|''wírdai''||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa(q)!''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}


 
====eh2-stems====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wirdun'' 'word' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}})
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰug-éh₂}} 'refuge')
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''wirdun''||''wirdaa''
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''wirdaa''||''wirduun''
|''vukáaq''||''vukúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''wirdai''||''wirdavuq''
|''vukái''||''vukáavuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''wirdun'' ||''wirdaa''
|''vukáan'' ||''vukáaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''wirdiat'' ||''wirdavuq''
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''wirdiat'' ||''wirdavi''
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''wirdi!'' ||''wirdaa!''
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''vukáaq''||''vukúu''
|-
!|Dative
|''vukái''||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
{{col-end}}


====eh2-stems====
====u-stems====
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukaa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰugéh₂}})
|+ ''quunúq'' 'son'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''vukaa''||''vukaaq''
|''quunúq''||''quunúwiq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''vukaaq''||''vukuun''
|''quuníuq''||''quunúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''vukai''||''vukaavuq''
|''quuníwi''||''quunúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''vukaan'' ||''vukaaq''
|''quunún'' ||''quunúuq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''vukaat'' ||''vukaavuq''
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''vukaat'' ||''vukaavi''
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''vukaa!'' ||''vukaaq!''
|''quunú!'' ||''quunúwiq!''
|}
|}


====u-stems====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''quunuq'' 'son'
|+ ''iglú'' 'tent, camp'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''quunuq''||''quunuwiq''
|''iglú''||''iglúa''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''quuniuq''||''quunuun''
|''iglíuq''||''iglúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''quuniwi''||''quunuvuq''
|''iglíwi''||''iglúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''quunun'' ||''quunuuq''
|''iglú'' ||''iglúa''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''quunut'' ||''quunuvuq''
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''quunut'' ||''quunuvi''
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''quunu!'' ||''quunuwiq!''
|''iglú!'' ||''iglúa!''
|}
|}
Also: ''nauq'' 'boat, ship'


====i-stems====
====i-stems====
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ingniq'' 'fire'
|+ ''ingníq'' 'fire'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''ingniq''||''ingniiq''
|''ingníq''||''ingníiq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''ingniiq''||''ingnuun, ingnijuun''
|''ingníiq''||''ingnúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''ingnii''||''ingnivuq''
|''ingníi''||''ingnívuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''ingnin'' ||''ingniiq''
|''ingnín'' ||''ingníiq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''ingnit'' ||''ingnivuq''
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''ingnit'' ||''ingnivi''
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''ingni!'' ||''ingniiq!''
|''ingní!'' ||''ingníiq!''
|}
|}
Also: ''teepputiq'' 'master'.
Also: ''teeppútiq'' 'master'.


Neuter i-stems:
Neuter i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''anuri'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind')
|+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind')
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''anuri''||''anuria''
|''anurí''||''anuría''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''anuriiq''||''anuruun, anurijuun''
|''anuríiq''||''anurúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''anurii''||''anurivuq''
|''anuríi''||''anurívuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''anuri'' ||''anuria''
|''anurí'' ||''anuría''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''anurit'' ||''anurivuq''
|''anurít'' ||''anurívuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''anurit'' ||''anurivi''
|''anurít'' ||''anurívi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''anuri!'' ||''anuria!''
|''anurí!'' ||''anuría!''
|}
|}


====h2-stems====
==== h2-stems and thematized athematics ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea'  
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea'  
Line 321: Line 348:
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''imaq''||''imaaq''
|''imáq''||''imáaq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''imiaq''||''imuun''
|''imiáq''||''imúun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''imai''||''imavuq''
|''imái''||''imávuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''iman'' ||''imaaq''
|''imán'' ||''imáaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''imat'' ||''imavuq''
|''imát'' ||''imávuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''imat'' ||''imavi''
|''imát'' ||''imávi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''ima!'' ||''imaat!''
|''imá!'' ||''imáaq!''
|}
 
Nouns with a vowel before the ''-aq'' decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''tannguáq'' 'tongue; language (f.)'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''tannguáq''||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''tanngujáq''||''tannguwúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''tannguái''||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''tannguán'' ||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''tannguá!'' ||''tannguáaq!''
|}
|}


Line 345: Line 400:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''zamaa'' 'human'
|+ ''zamáa'' 'human'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 373: Line 428:
====-mn-nouns====
====-mn-nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''numan'' 'name'
|+ ''núman'' 'name'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 398: Line 453:
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!''
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!''
|}
|}
Also: ''wirman'' 'time', ''wingman'' 'clothes'
Also: ''wírman'' 'time', ''wíngman'' 'clothes'


===Athematic===
===Athematic===
Line 404: Line 459:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''reezaq'' 'king'
|+ ''réezaq'' 'king'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
Line 412: Line 467:
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''reezaq''||''reezuun''
|''reeziaq''||''reezuun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
Line 439: Line 494:
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''iqalugaq''||''iqaluguun''
|''iqalugiaq''||''iqaluguun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
Line 455: Line 510:
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!''
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!''
|}
''Wútar'' 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form ''wútraa'' (declined as a feminine ''-aa'' noun) is preferred; this survives as ''õdra'' in the modern language.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wútar'' 'water'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''wútar''||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wútaniaq''||''wútanuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''wútanii''||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''wútar'' ||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Ablative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wútar!'' ||''wútanaa!''
|}
''náawuq'' (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''náawuq'' 'boat, ship'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''náawuq''||''náawiq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''naawíuq''||''náawuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''naawí''||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''náawun'' ||''náawuuq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''náawu!'' ||''náawiq!''
|}
|}


===''pateer''-class===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wutar'' 'water'
|+ ''pateer'' 'father'
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|Nominative
!|Nominative
|''wutar''||''wutaraa''
|''pateer''||''patiriq''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|Genitive
|''wutar''||''wutaruun''
|''patriaq''||''patiruun''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|Dative
|''wutarii''||''wutaravuq''
|''patrii''||''patiravuq''
|-
|-
!|Accusative
!|Accusative
|''wutaran'' ||''wutaraaq''
|''patran'' ||''patiraaq''
|-
|-
!|Ablative
!|Ablative
|''wutarit'' ||''wutaravuq''
|''patrit'' ||''patiravuq''
|-
|-
!|Locative
!|Locative
|''wutarit'' ||''wutaravi''
|''patrit'' ||''patiravi''
|-
|-
!|Vocative
!|Vocative
|''wutar!'' ||''wutaraa!''
|''patir!'' ||''patiriq!''
|}
|}


Declined similarly: pateer, maateer, vraateer, whiqaar, dukateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter
 
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
Adjectives fall into two main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
===-uq adjectives===
===-uq adjectives===
-yós > -juq? -Cuq?
''qinuq'' 'old'
*nom: -uq, -aa, -un, pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa


===-iq adjectives===
===-iq adjectives===
*nom. -iq, -iq, -i; pl. -iiq, -iiq, -ia
iqusiniq 'noble'
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia


===-aq adjectives===
===-aq adjectives===
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa


==Prepositions==
==Prepositions==
*''su'' = w/ inst.: with
*''su'' = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
*''san'' = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
*''viz'' = w/ gen.: without
*''viz'' = w/ gen.: without
*''in''
*''in''
**w/ acc.: into
**w/ acc.: into
**w/ loc.: inside
**w/ loc.: inside
*''at'' = at
*''at''
**w/ acc.: towards; at
**w/ acc.: towards; at
*''antir'' = w/ loc.: between
**w/ loc.: at, by
*''iqs'' = w/ abl.: out of
*''attir''
**w/ loc.: between,
**w/ acc.: against
*''ut'' = w/ abl.: out of
*''ipi''  
*''ipi''  
**w/ acc.: onto
**w/ acc.: onto
**w/ loc.: on
**w/ loc.: on
*''tira''
**w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
**w/ loc: beyond


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Line 521: Line 648:
|-
|-
!|1
!|1
|''tituami''||''titumaq''
|''tituan''||''titumaq''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
Line 535: Line 662:
Some verbs in this class:
Some verbs in this class:
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines
*''vindit, ivandi'' = binds
*''vinnit, ivanni'' = binds
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries


Line 545: Line 672:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 1SG || ''vindaa'' || ''vindaar''
| 1SG || ''vinnaa'' || ''vinnaar''
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''vindiq'' || ''vinditar''
| 2SG || ''vinniq'' || ''vinnitar''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''vindit'' || ''vinditur''
| 3SG || ''vinnit'' || ''vinnitur''
|-
|-
| 1PL || ''vindumaq'' || ''vindumaqti''
| 1PL || ''vinnumaq'' || ''vinnumaqti''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''vinditi'' || ''vinditau''
| 2PL || ''vinniti'' || ''vinnitau, vinnitaqti''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''vinduut'' || ''vinduttur''
| 3PL || ''vinnuut'' || ''vinnuttur''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Past
! colspan="3" | Past
Line 561: Line 688:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 1SG || ''ivanda'' || ''ivandar''
| 1SG || ''ivanna'' || ''ivannar''
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar''
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''ivandi'' || ''ivandur''
| 3SG || ''ivanni'' || ''ivannur''
|-
|-
| 1PL || ''ivandami'' || ''ivandamaqti''
| 1PL || ''ivannami'' || ''ivannamaqti''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''ivandati'' || ''ivandatau''
| 2PL || ''ivannati'' || ''ivannatau, ivannataqti''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''ivandeer'' || ''ivandeerur''
| 3PL || ''ivanneer'' || ''ivanneerur''
|-
! colspan="3" | Subjunctive
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
| 1SG || ''vindaa'' || ''vindaar''
|-
| 2SG || ''vindeeq'' || ''vindeetar''
|-
| 3SG || ''vindeet'' || ''vindeetur''
|-
| 1PL || ''vindaamaq'' || ''vindaamaqti''
|-
| 2PL || ''vindeeti'' || ''vindeetau''
|-
| 3PL || ''vindaat'' || ''vindaattur''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Optative
! colspan="3" | Optative
Line 593: Line 704:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 1SG || ''vindaimi'' || ''vindajaar''
| 1SG || ''vinnain'' || ''vinnajaar''
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''vindaiq'' || ''vindaitar''
| 2SG || ''vinnaiq'' || ''vinnaitar''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''vindait'' || ''vindaitur''
| 3SG || ''vinnait'' || ''vinnaitur''
|-
|-
| 1PL || ''vindaimaq'' || ''vindaimaqti''
| 1PL || ''vinnaimaq'' || ''vinnaimaqti''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''vindaiti'' || ''vindaitau''
| 2PL || ''vinnaiti'' || ''vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''vindajuut'' || ''vindajuttur''
| 3PL || ''vinnajuut'' || ''vinnajuttur''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Imperative
! colspan="3" | Imperative
Line 609: Line 720:
! Person !! Active !! Passive
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| 2SG || ''vindi!'' || ''vindiqi!''
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!''
|-
|-
| 3SG || ''vinditaa!'' || ''vinditaar!''
| 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!''
|-
|-
| 2PL || ''vinditi!'' || ''vinditau!''
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!''
|-
|-
| 3PL || ''vinduttaa!'' || ''vinduttaar!''
| 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!''
|-  
|-  
! colspan="3" | Participles
! colspan="3" | Participles
Line 621: Line 732:
! Tense !! Active !! Passive
! Tense !! Active !! Passive
|-
|-
| Present || ''vindattaq'' || ''vindumnuq''
| Present || ''vinnattaq'' || ''vinnumuq''
|-
|-
| Past || ''vandawuq'' || ''vantuq''
| Past || ''vannawuq'' || ''vannuq''
|}
|}


===Nasal infix present verbs===
===Nasal infix present verbs===
===-eh2- verbs===
===-eh2- verbs===
teepputijaat = he dominates, he lords over
teepputijaat = he rules


*present: teepputijaa, temputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
*present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer


===-éye- verbs===
===-éye- verbs===
taiseet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints


*present: taisijaa, taiseeq, taiseet, taisijaamaq, taiseeti, taisijuut
*present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
*past: itaiseeqa, itaiseeqta, itaiseeqi, itaiseengmi, itaiseeqti, itaiseeqeer
*past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer


===Copula===
===Copula===
*present: ingmi, iqi, iqt, ingmaq, iqti, quut
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
==Numerals==
*zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
*I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr''
*II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur''
*III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr''
*IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr''
*Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur''
*ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur''
*ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur''
*ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur''
*ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur''
*Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur''
*XI: ainumpirsą
*XII: tuumpirsą
*XIII: triipirsą
*XIIII: kituarpirsą
*XΛ: pikkipirsą
*XΛI: wiipirsą
*XΛII: qiptapirsą
*XΛIII: ustaapirsą
*XΛIIII: niwapirsą
*XX: tuihtisaą
*XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
*XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
*...
*XXX: tirtisą
*XXXX: kituartisą
*D: pinkitisą
*DX: wiitisą
*DXX: qiptantisą
*DXXX: ustantisą
*DXXXX: niwantisą
*O: santų
*Q: pinkisantų
*M: tuxantų
*Ī (10000): zillių
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
===Declension===
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns.
====''tuwai''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun''
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate)
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate)
====''tria''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''triiq'' (animate), ''tria'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''trijuun''
*dat./abl. ''triivuq''
*loc. ''triivi''
====''kituara''====
*nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''kituaruun''
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq''
*loc. ''kituaravi''


==Derivation==
==Derivation==
*''-isuq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
*''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ...
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses'
*''-inuq'' = agent
*''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
**''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king
*''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument
 
==Syntax==
 
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO
 
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.


==Sample texts==
:PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.'''''
===Schleicher's Fable===
:Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.'''''
''Awiq iswaakki''
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.'''''
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.'''''
:''The living fish swims in the water.''


''Awiq, jungmai walinaa neen iqqi, iwiti iswuuq, ainun karun waznun tinngattan, ainungki mizalun kraaman, ainungki zamunan asu virattan. Awiq nuu iswavuq iwaki: "Sartaq anngitur mai, witattii zamunan iswuuq asattan." Iswaaq nuu awii iwakeer: "Asauqee, awi, sartaq anngitur ammai witattavuq situt: Zamaa, teepputiq, is awijuun walinaaq karnit qai girmun wingman. Awii nuu walinaa neen iqt." Awiq nuu situt slauqaawuq in plaanun ivuki.''
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.
====Hypothetical Roman transcription====
AVEH·ISVACCI


AVEH·IVGMÆ·VALINA·NEN·EHHI·IVITI·ISVVH·ÆNVN·CARVN·VAZNVN·TINGATTAN·ÆNVNCI·MIZALVN·CRAMAN·ÆNVNCI·ZAMVNAN·ASV·FIRATTAN


[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]]
IlL
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