138,726
edits
m (→Pronouns) |
m (→Phonology) |
||
(152 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author. | |||
''' | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui | Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui | ||
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w | Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/ | ||
Voiceless stops are unaspirated. | Voiceless stops are unaspirated. | ||
'''i u''' are pronounced [e o] before '''q'''. | '''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'. | ||
===Diachronics=== | ===Diachronics=== | ||
o > u | o > u | ||
Line 69: | Line 15: | ||
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/ | l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/ | ||
nt > | nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
Line 78: | Line 24: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|''jaa''||'' | |''jaa''||''angmii'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|''mini''||'' | |''mini''||''angmaqun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|''mai''||'' | |''mai''||''angmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|''mi'' ||'' | |''mi'' ||''angmi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|''minit, miit'' ||'' | |''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|''minit, miit'' ||'' | |''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 106: | Line 52: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|''tivi''||'' | |''tivi''||''jungmaqun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|''tai''||'' | |''tai''||''jungmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|''ti'' ||'' | |''ti'' ||''jungmi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||'' | |''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||'' | |''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 159: | Line 105: | ||
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped. | *The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped. | ||
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin. | *Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin. | ||
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come | *The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns. | ||
* | *The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative: | ||
**''Suwaa | **''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf. | ||
**''Suwaa | **''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf. | ||
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary. | *Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary. | ||
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative. | *Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative. | ||
Line 171: | Line 117: | ||
===Thematic=== | ===Thematic=== | ||
====o-stem masculine==== | ====o-stem masculine==== | ||
====o-stem neuter==== | ====o-stem neuter==== | ||
Line 229: | Line 123: | ||
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | '''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ ''wírdun'' ' | |+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
Line 257: | Line 151: | ||
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | '''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ ''wírdo'' ' | |+ ''wírdo'' 'law' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
Line 271: | Line 165: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative-Locative | !|Ablative-Locative | ||
|'' | |''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
Line 421: | Line 315: | ||
Neuter i-stems: | Neuter i-stems: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''anurí''||''anuría'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''anuríiq''||''anurúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''anuríi''||''anurívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''anurí'' ||''anuría'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''anurít'' ||''anurívuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''anurít'' ||''anurívi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''anurí!'' ||''anuría!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 707: | Line 601: | ||
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles). | Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles). | ||
===-uq adjectives=== | ===-uq adjectives=== | ||
*nom: | ''qinuq'' 'old' | ||
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun | |||
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi | |||
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
===-iq adjectives=== | ===-iq adjectives=== | ||
*nom. | iqusiniq 'noble' | ||
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia | |||
===-aq adjectives=== | ===-aq adjectives=== | ||
Line 722: | Line 624: | ||
**w/ acc.: into | **w/ acc.: into | ||
**w/ loc.: inside | **w/ loc.: inside | ||
*''at'' | *''at'' | ||
**w/ acc.: towards; at | **w/ acc.: towards; at | ||
*''attir'' | **w/ loc.: at, by | ||
*''attir'' | |||
**w/ loc.: between, | **w/ loc.: between, | ||
**w/ acc.: against | **w/ acc.: against | ||
Line 819: | Line 722: | ||
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!'' | | 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3SG || '' | | 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!'' | | 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PL || '' | | 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | Participles | ! colspan="3" | Participles | ||
Line 842: | Line 745: | ||
===-éye- verbs=== | ===-éye- verbs=== | ||
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints | |||
*present: | *present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut | ||
*past: | *past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer | ||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, | *present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut | ||
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer | *past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer | ||
==Numerals== | ==Numerals== | ||
*zero: | *zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.) | ||
*I: | *I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr'' | ||
*II: | *II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur'' | ||
*III: | *III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr'' | ||
*IIII: | *IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr'' | ||
*Λ. | *Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur'' | ||
*ΛΙ: | *ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur'' | ||
*ΛΙΙ: | *ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur'' | ||
*ΛΙΙΙ: | *ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur'' | ||
*ΛIIII: | *ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur'' | ||
*Χ: | *Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur'' | ||
*XI: | *XI: ainumpirsą | ||
*XII: | *XII: tuumpirsą | ||
*XIII: | *XIII: triipirsą | ||
*XIIII: | *XIIII: kituarpirsą | ||
*XΛ: | *XΛ: pikkipirsą | ||
*XΛI: | *XΛI: wiipirsą | ||
*XΛII: | *XΛII: qiptapirsą | ||
*XΛIII: | *XΛIII: ustaapirsą | ||
*XΛIIII: | *XΛIIII: niwapirsą | ||
*XX: | *XX: tuihtisaą | ||
*XXX: | *XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą | ||
*XXXX: | *XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą | ||
*D: | *... | ||
*DX: | *XXX: tirtisą | ||
*DXX: | *XXXX: kituartisą | ||
*DXXX: | *D: pinkitisą | ||
*DXXXX: | *DX: wiitisą | ||
*O: | *DXX: qiptantisą | ||
*Q: | *DXXX: ustantisą | ||
*M: | *DXXXX: niwantisą | ||
*Ī (10000): | *O: santų | ||
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): | *Q: pinkisantų | ||
*M: tuxantų | |||
*Ī (10000): zillių | |||
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių | |||
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular. | Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular. | ||
===Declension=== | ===Declension=== | ||
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and '' | ''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns. | ||
===='' | ====''tuwai''==== | ||
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' ( | *nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate) | ||
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun'' | *gen. ''tuwuun, tuun'' | ||
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' ( | *dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate) | ||
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' ( | *loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate) | ||
====''tria''==== | ====''tria''==== | ||
Line 902: | Line 808: | ||
====''kituara''==== | ====''kituara''==== | ||
*nom | *nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | ||
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''kituaruun'' | *gen. ''kituaruun'' | ||
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq'' | *dat./abl. ''kituaravuq'' | ||
Line 909: | Line 816: | ||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
*''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os) | *''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os) | ||
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', '' | *Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ... | ||
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees'; ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses' | **Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses' | ||
*''-inuq'' = agent | *''-inuq'' = agent | ||
*''- | *''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent | ||
**'' | **''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king | ||
*''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument | *''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO | |||
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO. | Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO. | ||
:PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.''''' | :PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.''''' | ||
:Qunng: ''''' | :Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.''''' | ||
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt | :Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.''''' | ||
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.''''' | :Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.''''' | ||
:''The living fish swims in the water.'' | :''The living fish swims in the water.'' | ||
Line 927: | Line 837: | ||
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. | Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]] |
edits