Weddish: Difference between revisions

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|name=Weddish
|name=Weddish
|nativename=Weðisk
|nativename=Weðisk
|region=[[w:Wales|Wales]]
|states=[[w:Wales|Wales]], [[w:United States|United States]]
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
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|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3=[[w:Old Frisian|Old Frisian]]
|ancestor3=[[w:Old Frisian|Old Frisian]]
|script       =  [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
|script1       =  Hebr
|creator = [[User:Aquatiki|Robert Murphy]]
|creator = [[User:Aquatiki|Robert Murphy]]
|speakers = 40 000
|speakers = 40 000
|date = 2015 census
|date = 2015 census
|iso3=wds
|agency=Beth Diyn d'Weddisk
|agency=Beth Diyn d'Weddisk
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Weddish''' is a [[w:West Germanic language]] spoken by several small communities within [[w:Wales]] and several large the United States.  Approximately 40,000 people speak Weddish as their L1.  It is of considerable interest to linguists and ethnographers, because of its complex history and unique place in the world.
'''Weddish''' is a [[w:West Germanic language|West Germanic language]] spoken by several small communities within [[w:Wales|Wales]] and several large one within the United States.  Approximately 40,000 people speak Weddish as their L1.  It is of considerable interest to linguists and ethnographers, because of its complex history and unique place in the world.


Weddish begun as a dialect of [[w:Old Frisian]], which fell under the influence of its Welsh-speaking neighbors (unlike its Anglo-Saxon kin).  It was "conquered" by Jews in 1066, and "freed" by the [[w:Edict of Expulsion]] in 1290, and so returned to being under Welsh influence.  English has exerted some small sway over its development.
Weddish began as a dialect of [[w:Old Frisian|Old Frisian]], which fell under the influence of its Welsh-speaking neighbors (unlike its Anglo-Saxon kin).  It was "conquered" by Jews in 1066, and "freed" by the [[w:Edict of Expulsion|Edict of Expulsion]] in 1290, and so returned to being under Welsh influence.  English has exerted some small sway over its development.


== Design Goals ==
== Design Goals ==
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Weddish was born under a different name: Frisian.  While there are individual words that cannot be explained under this rubric, the overwhelming majority of Weddish vocabulary is clearly of Frisian – not Anglo-Saxon – ancestry.  While the differences are small, the evidence is clear.  Unlike the Frisians of the continent, however, and unlike the conquering Anglo-Saxons, the ancestors of the Wedds were heavily influenced by the nearby Celts.  The Old Welsh language rubbed off on Old Weddish, winnowing down many consonant clusters, producing significant vowel changes, and greatly altering the phonology and phonotactics.
Weddish was born under a different name: Frisian.  While there are individual words that cannot be explained under this rubric, the overwhelming majority of Weddish vocabulary is clearly of Frisian – not Anglo-Saxon – ancestry.  While the differences are small, the evidence is clear.  Unlike the Frisians of the continent, however, and unlike the conquering Anglo-Saxons, the ancestors of the Wedds were heavily influenced by the nearby Celts.  The Old Welsh language rubbed off on Old Weddish, winnowing down many consonant clusters, producing significant vowel changes, and greatly altering the phonology and phonotactics.


Old Welsh (Proto-Brythonic) also gave Weddish is system of consonantal mutations.  Certain words and grammatical processes trigger regular changes in the first consonant of the ''next'' word.  This is also the only period where Latin words came into the language (until the modern, international terminology).
Old Welsh (Proto-Brythonic) also gave Weddish its system of consonantal mutations.  Certain words and grammatical processes trigger regular changes in the first consonant of the ''next'' word.  This is also the only period where Latin words came into the language (until the modern, international terminology).


=== Late Antiquity ===
=== Late Antiquity ===
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=== 1290 ===
=== 1290 ===
When Edward I issued the edict of expulsion in 1290, the influence of external Jewry ceased, and all appearance of Judaism had to be removed from the public eye.  The Wedds had their own Domus Conversorum set up, and were allowed to create their own monastic order, where the vows of marriage were conjoined with the vows of holy orders.  Hebrew schools continued in private, with Talmud and Maimonides studies ongoing on for several more centuries.  Because they were not allowed to officiate over the Mass, Weddish "convents" avoided much of the accreting philosophy, and were among the hotbeds of Protestant theology, until the [[w:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]].   
When Edward I issued the edict of expulsion in 1290, the influence of external Jewry ceased, and all appearance of Judaism had to be removed from the public eye.  The Wedds had their own ''Domus Conversorum'' set up, and were allowed to create their own monastic order, where the vows of marriage were conjoined with the vows of holy orders.  Hebrew schools continued in private, with Talmud and Maimonides studies going on for several more centuries.  Because they were not allowed to officiate over the Mass, Weddish "convents" avoided much of the accreting philosophy, and were among the hotbeds of Protestant theology, until the [[w:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542|Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]].   


With the decline of the surrounding Welsh culture, Wedds happily retreated into the background.  By the 19th century, however, a growing concern over the state of the Western world had settled in, and after several Weddish-wide councils, a missions-through-monasticism philosophy was official ensconced in the Weddish laws.  Since then, they have actively been involved in evangelism and scholarly theology.  [[w:James B. Jordan]] and his [[w:Christian Reconstructionist]] theology have become the mainstay of Weddish discourse.
With the decline of the surrounding Welsh culture, Wedds happily retreated into the background.  By the 19th century, however, a growing concern over the state of the Western world had settled in, and after several Weddish-wide councils, a missions-through-monasticism philosophy was official ensconced in the Weddish laws.  Since then, they have actively been involved in evangelism and scholarly theology.  [[w:James B. Jordan|James B. Jordan]] and his [[w:Christian Reconstructionist|Christian Reconstructionist]] theology have become the mainstay of Weddish discourse.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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=== Orthography ===
=== Orthography ===
Weddish is written with the letters of Hebrew abjad and the "points" (Hebrew niqqud).  Romanization is unheard of, apart from our linguistics literature.
Weddish is written with the letters of Hebrew abjad and the Massoretic "points" (''niqqud'').  Romanization is unheard of, apart from linguistics literature.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:left"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:left"
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| ת '''þ'''
| ת '''þ'''
| ס '''s'''
| ס '''s'''
| סי '''sy'''
| סי '''š'''
|  
|  
| ח '''c'''
| ח '''c'''
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|-
|-
! unvoiced
! unvoiced
| הו '''wh'''
|  
|  
|  
| ש '''ł'''
| ש '''ł'''
| יה '''yh'''
|  
| || ||
| || ||
|}
|}
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; With S : ,סק, סמ, סנ and סל.  Older versions of the language forbid '''st-''', but it is now permissible.  The same could be said of ספּר, סטר, סקר, ספּל, and סקל.
; With S : ,סק, סמ, סנ and סל.  Older versions of the language forbid '''st-''', but it is now permissible.  The same could be said of ספּר, סטר, סקר, ספּל, and סקל.
; With C : חל, חר, and חו.  New words no longer force '''sl-''' to change to '''cl-'''.
; With C : חל, חר, and חו.  New words no longer force '''sl-''' to change to '''cl-'''.
; With Þ/X : In a few Semitic words, תנ and צנ begin the syllable, e.g. {{C|צנוע}} (modest), or {{C|תנוך}} (earlobe).
; With Þ/X : In a few Semitic words, תנ and צנ begin the syllable, e.g. {{term|צנוע}} (modest), or {{term|תנוך}} (earlobe).  There is also '''xl''', as in {{term|צלבן}} (to crucify).


The bulk of onset consonant clusters are subject to mutation.  There are many doubles on this table, but it is important to note the lexical form of a word,
The bulk of onset consonant clusters are subject to mutation.  There are many doubles on this table, but it is important to note the lexical form of a word,
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! gw- !! jw- !! ŋw- !!
! gw- !! jw- !! ŋw- !!
|}
|}


=== Morphophonology ===
=== Morphophonology ===
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! rowspan="3" | First
! rowspan="3" | First
! singular
! singular
| {{C2|אח|אִח}}
| {{C2|איח|איִח}}
| {{C2|מח|מִח}}
| {{C2|מיח|מיִח}}
| {{C2|־מי|־מִי}}
| {{C2|־מי|־מִי}}
| {{C2|מה|מֵה}}
| {{C2|מה|מֵה}}
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|-
|-
! antinomic/dual
! antinomic/dual
| {{C2|וט|וִט}}
| {{C2|ויט|ויִט}}
| {{C2|אוק|אֹוק}}
| {{C2|אוק|אֹוק}}
| {{C2|־אוח|־אֹוח}}
| {{C2|־אוח|־אֹוח}}
| {{C2|אוע|אֹוע}}
| {{C2|אוע|אֹוע}}
| {{C2|אונקנז|אֹונְקֵנְז}}
| {{C2|אועקנז|אֹועְקֶנְז}}
|-
|-
! pl.
! pl.
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| {{C2|־וס|־וּס}}
| {{C2|־וס|־וּס}}
| {{C2|וה|וֵה}}
| {{C2|וה|וֵה}}
| {{C2|וסר|וּסר}}
| {{C2|וסר|וּסֶר}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Second
! rowspan="3" | Second
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! antinomic/dual
! antinomic/dual
| {{C2|יהט|יְהַט}}
| {{C2|יהט|יְהַט}}
| {{C2|אינק|אִינְק}}
| {{C2|איעק|אִיעְק}}
| {{C2|־אנך|־אִנְך}}
| {{C2|־אנך|־אִנְך}}
| {{C2|יהח|יְהִח}}
| {{C2|יהח|יְהִח}}
| {{C2|אינקנז|אִינְקִנְז}}
| {{C2|איעקנז|אִיעְקִנְז}}
|-
|-
! plural
! plural
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| {{C2|־יהו|־יְהוּ}}
| {{C2|־יהו|־יְהוּ}}
| {{C2|יהו|יְהֹו}}
| {{C2|יהו|יְהֹו}}
| {{C2|יהוור|יְהוּור}}
| {{C2|יהוור|יְהוּוֶר}}
|}
|}


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| {{C2|־אית|־אֵיר}}
| {{C2|־אית|־אֵיר}}
| טֹו בֵּית
| טֹו בֵּית
| סִיר
| סִין
|-
|-
! all
! all
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| {{C2|־יהא|־יְהַא}}
| {{C2|־יהא|־יְהַא}}
| טֹו יְהַא
| טֹו יְהַא
| סִיר
| סִין
|}
|}


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=== Ergative ===
=== Ergative ===
{{C|־ק}}
{{term|־ק}}




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=== Articles ===
=== Articles ===
The two articles of Weddish are definite and specific.
The two articles of Weddish are definite and specific.  What in English would be covered by the indefinite article is split between the specific article and anarthrous usage.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left; text-align:center"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left; text-align:center"
|+ Definite Article - {{C2|דה|דֵה}}
|+ Definite Article - {{C2|דה|דֵה}}
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<br clear="both" />
<br clear="both" />
=== Anarthrous ===
=== Anarthrous ===
Anarthrous clauses might un-adorned vocative phrase, or non-specific and indefinite.  That is, they typically refer to an entity not immediately discernible from discourse and not any particular entity.  
Anarthrous clauses might be un-adorned vocative phrase, or non-specific and indefinite.  That is, they typically refer to an entity not immediately discernible from discourse and not any particular entity.  


=== Quantifiers ===
=== Quantifiers ===
Most of the remaining determiner not mentioned heretofore, are quantifiers, determiners that describe the quantity of an item.  Weddish very particular with its quantifiers, distinguishing very particularly between determiners and adjectives based on position.  Linguists note that these differences are off a very unique kind, what they call 'evidentials'.  Quantifiers used as determiners betray a kind of "God's eye point of view" or "omniscient evidentiality" which is not present when used as an adjective.
Most of the remaining determiners not mentioned heretofore, are quantifiers, determiners that describe the quantity of an item.  Weddish very particular with its quantifiers, distinguishing very particularly between determiners and adjectives based on position.  Linguists note that these differences are off a very unique kind, what they call 'evidentials'.  Quantifiers used as determiners denote a kind of "God's eye point of view" or "omniscient evidentiality" which is not present when used as an adjective.


For example, consider the two following phrases
For example, consider the two following phrases
* all men
* all men
* the men all (of them)
* the men all (of them)
While these phrases are synonymous in English,  in Weddish they indicate a difference in level of confidence in the information presented: ''all men'' is a phrase used when God himself would make, whereas ''the men, all of them'' is completely human and normal, allowing for natural exceptions and exceptions.
While these phrases are synonymous in English,  in Weddish they indicate a difference in level of confidence in the information presented: ''all men'' is a phrase universal and without any exceptions, whereas ''the men, all of them'' is completely human and normal, allowing for natural exceptions.
=== Others ===
=== Others ===
Distributives, numerals, and possessives make up the remaining determiners (Interrogatives make-up an overlapping category).
Distributives, numerals, and possessives make up the remaining determiners (Interrogatives make-up an overlapping category).
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|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| -ø
| -ד
|}
|}


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Adjectives is an open class in Weddish.  They follow the noun and need not agree in any way, though they often do so in a way that keeps the trochaic meter going (see Prosody).  Prepositional phrases and relative clauses follow adjectives.  Verbs conjugated as participles are adjectives, taking the head noun as their absolutive argument.  Other uses of verbs require relative clauses.   
Adjectives is an open class in Weddish.  They follow the noun and need not agree in any way, though they often do so in a way that keeps the trochaic meter going (see Prosody).  Prepositional phrases and relative clauses follow adjectives.  Verbs conjugated as participles are adjectives, taking the head noun as their absolutive argument.  Other uses of verbs require relative clauses.   


Nouns can be made adnominal, either by being put into the genitive or by certain suffixes.  For example {{C|־סק}} '''-(i)sq''' attaches to nouns or adjectives and makes them into adjectives mean "of or pertaining to x" (cp. English -ish).
Nouns can be made adnominal, either by being put into the genitive or by certain suffixes.  For example {{term|־סק}} '''-(i)sq''' attaches to nouns or adjectives and makes them into adjectives mean "of or pertaining to x" (cp. English -ish).


=== Adverbials ===
=== Adverbials ===
Like in English, nouns of time can be used as adverbs with zero-derivation.  The suffix {{C|־לך}} '''-lik'' (cp. English -ly) is the most common adverb-maker.
Like in English, nouns of time can be used as adverbs with zero-derivation.  The suffix {{term|־לך}} '''-lik'' (cp. English -ly) is the most common adverb-maker.


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
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[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Celtic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Ergative-absolutive languages]]
[[Category:Ergative-absolutive languages]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Weddish]]
[[Category:Weddish]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Jewish languages]]
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