Weddish/Diachronics

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PIE (-4500)

Cowgill's Law

Osthoff's Law

Sievers's law

Proto-Germanic (-500)


  • Grimm's Law, Verner's Law, Primärberührung
Proto-Germanic consonants
Type Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial–
velar
Nasal m n (ŋ) (ŋʷ)
Stop p b t d k ɡ ɡʷ
Fricative ɸ (β) θ (ð) s z x (ɣ)
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Vowels

  • i iː ĩ ĩː
  • e eː
  • ɛː ɛːː
  • ɑ ɑː ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː
  • ɔː ɔːː ɔ̃ː ɔ̃ːː
  • u uː ũ ũː
ô (aka ɔːː) became -a in ON and OE, but -oin OHG
-ǭ became -a in OHG but -e in OE
-ōn became -ōn in OHG but -an in OE

Proto-Celtic (-800)

Proto-Celtic consonants
Type  Bilabial   Alveolar   Palatal   Velar  Labial–
velar
Nasal m n (ŋ) (ŋʷ)
Plosive b t d k ɡ ɡʷ
Fricative ɸ s
Approximant l j w
Trill r


  • then kʷ/p/_ (P-Celtic)

Vowels

  • i iː
  • e
  • a aː
  • o oː
  • u uː

Through Roman Times

Western Germanic

Ingvaeonic and Irminonic

  • /ɛː/, also written ǣ, to ā
  • umlaut
  • z/r/V_V
  • demonstrative this
  • C/C²/_j West Germanic gemination

Decision Time!

  • V/Ã/_NF Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (vowel + nasal + voiceless fricative = nasal-vowel + fric.)
  • k/ts/_[ie] palatalization of k

Insular Celtic

a.k.a Brittonic

  • keep am and an
  • u/gw/#_
  • s/h/#_V
  • s//#_[lmn]
  • sp/f/#_
  • sr/fr/#_
  • sw/xw/#_
  • P/B/V_V Voiceless stops become voiced stops in intervocalic position
  • B/Z/V_V Voiced plosives and /m/ became soft spirants in an intervocalic position
  • B/Z/_L Voiced plosives and /m/ became soft spirants before liquids
  • P/F/_[LV] Geminated voiceless plosives transformed into spirants before a vowel or liquid
  • P/F/L_ Voiceless stops become spirants after liquids
  • B//N_ Voiced stops were assimilated to a preceding nasal

later ɣ/j/_

Pre-1066

To Old English

  • Backing and nasalization of West Germanic a and ā before a nasal consonant
  • Loss of n before a spirant, resulting in lengthening and nasalization of preceding vowel
  • The present and preterite plurals reduced to a single form
  • A-fronting: WGmc a, ā → æ, ǣ, even in the diphthongs ai and au (see Anglo-Frisian brightening)
  • palatalization of Proto-Germanic *k and *g before front vowels (but not phonemicization of palatals)
  • A-restoration: æ, ǣ → a, ā under the influence of neighboring consonants
  • Second fronting: OE dialects (except West Saxon) and Frisian ǣ → ē
  • A-restoration: a restored before a back vowel in the following syllable (later in the Southumbrian dialects); Frisian æu → au → Old Frisian ā/a
  • OE breaking; in West Saxon palatal diphthongization follows
  • i-mutation followed by syncope; Old Frisian breaking follows
  • Phonemicization of palatals and assibilation, followed by second fronting in parts of West Mercia
  • Smoothing and back mutation


  • loss of high vowels in syllable after stress
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m () n (ŋ)
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Affricate ()
Fricative f (v) θ (ð) s (z) ʃ (ç) (x ɣ) h
Approximant () l j (ʍ) w
Trill () r

To Middle Welsh

  • Vː → V / _#
  • ei → eː
  • st → sː (with some exceptions)
    • initial str → צ , middle/end str → sr
  • ai → ɛ
  • s → ∅ / V_V
  • V → ə / _(C)#, also in proclitics
  • s → ∅ / x_
  • {au,eu,ou} → ∅
  • uː {oi,ɔː} → yː uː
  • j → ð / V_
  • i u → e o / _Ca
  • yː → ɨ
  • p t k {b,m} d ɡ → b d ɡ v ð ɣ / _V
  • aː → ɔː
  • a o → ei {ɨ,ei} / _(C…)j(C…)#
  • a → {ɨ,ei} / _(C…)j(C…)#
  • V → ɨ / _(C…)j(C…)#
  • {a,o} → e / _(C…)i(ː)
  • {a,e,o} → ei / _(C…)j
  • V → ∅ / _#
  • mb nd ŋɡ → mː nː ŋː
  • e → i / _N
  • $ → h / V_ (what $ is is unclear)
  • V → ∅ / _[+intertonic]
  • pː tː kː → f θ x
  • p t k → f θ x / {r,l}_
  • ɣ → i / _C
  • xt → iθ
  • ɣ → i / C_V
  • ɛː → ui
  • ɔː → au / when stressed
  • l → ɬ / _t
  • w → gw / #[aeou] - w to gw before vowels-not-i
  • mp nt ŋk → m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
  • ɔ → ə / #_sC
  • l r → ɬ r̥ / #_
  • ɣ → ə / _#
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ̊ ŋ
Stop p b t d k g
Fricative f v θ ð s z ɬ (ʃ) x h
Approximant l j w
Trill r̥ r
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