Fruwi

Fruwi
oñ Fruwi
Pronunciation	[õɴ.ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ.wʷiʷ]
Created by	Webcloud
Date	2022
Language family	Fruwi-Poresa Fruwi
Early forms	Early Proto-Fruwi Late Proto-Fruwi
Standard form	Standard Fruwi
Dialects	Sontrai Ban Sontrai Tun Haishi Ban Haishi Tun
Writing system	Latin

Introduction

Fruwi is a engineered non-naturalistic a-priori constructed language, that tries to be logical at times. The language has two main dialects, Haishi and Sontrai. The Haishi dialects may seem easier english speakers, because of the base-10 number system, lack of conjugation, and more english-like phonology, though this is a coincidence.

Fruwi is a agglutinative analytic language, because while verbs may be aggluutinative, and while nouns have one suffix for plurals, the syntax generally has many unbound morphemes. Though the Haishi dialects are more isolating, they are still agglutinative and analytic. Its allignment is active-stative. Its word order is either SVO or SOV. While SVO is used informally, SOV is used formally. The head direction is mixed. While the heading of both adpositional and verb phrases is [to do].

Creation

I created a language called ol fruwi (sic); which now with a few adjustments has become Proto-Fruwi, in mid 2022. An early version of Fruwi, Standard, then known as oñ Fruwi was published to Conlang Fandom Early 2023.

Type

It is a sort of engineered conlang without worldbuilding. The language is not supposed to be naturalistic, and will veer from most major languages many times. It is an a-priori language, meaning it does not specifically take any vocabulary from any real life languages, though this is partly false, because it has a second lexicon that has only words borrowed from real languages.

Evolution

Tree of the Evolution of Fruwi, starting from Early Proto-Fruwi

Early-Proto Fruwi also is made up of 7-Pre fruwi languages, not shown in the image. The arrows indicate that the languages were not evolved from the languages, but have been affected in some way, like borrowing a large amount of vocabulary, or affecting sound changes, or even affecting the name.

Etymology

The name of the language Fruwi, comes from Late Proto-Fruwi's own name "(ou) fruwis", which was also derived from Early Proto-Fruwi /poresa/. The word poresa presumably came from the 7 Pre-Fruwi Languages. the languages derived from it have derived names such as Rfuij, but Rfwi also was borowed from the name of Fruwi. Other languages, like Russo, got a new name, but languages like Funris-ox was also derived from Late Proto-Fruwi's name.

Lexicon

The language has two lexicons, a priori and a posteriori. The original, and larger lexicon is called: Lexicon a priori, and the words mostly come from Late Proto-Fruwi. Though there is a Lexicon a posteriori, for words that come from humans, which will be adopted and evolved into every related language except Funris-ox. The Lexicon a priori is split into two lexicons: Late Lexicon; for words that could have only emerged in Late Proto-Fruwi, and the Early Lexicon; For words that could have emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi. This is because many words in Fruwi do not have a syllable structure that could have evolved from Early Proto-Fruwi, but they could have emerged Late Proto-Fruwi. This is not to say the Early Lexicon words all emerged in Early Proto-Fruwi, as they could have emerged earlier or later, and the words in Late Proto-Fruwi could have also emerged later, but obviously not later.

Phonology

Consonants

Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects
Manner -> Place v	Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal	Radical
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Lenis Stop	p	t		k	ʡ
Fortis Stop	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
Lenis Fricative	ɸ	s		χ	ħ
Fortis Fricative	β	z		ʁ
Lenis Affricate		t̆s	t̆ʃ
Fortis Affricate		d̆z	d̆ʒ
Trill		r
Approximant		l	j	w

Transcribers
Manner -> Place v	Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal	Radical
Special Lenis Stop	b	d		g
Special Fortis Stop	bʰ	dʰ		gʰ

Basic dialectical variation

• Sontrai Ban; Differences from Standard:
  • s > θ, z > ð
  • t̆ʃ > ʂ, d̆ʒ > ʐ
  • χ > x, ʁ > ɣ
• Sontrai Tun; Differences from Standard:
  • s > θ, z > ð
  • t̆s > s, d̆z > z
  • ʡ > k
  • χ, ħ > x, ʁ > ɣ
• Haishi Ban; Differences from Standard:
  • p, t, k > b, d, g
  • TRANSCRIBERS: b, d, g > p, t, k
  • ɸ > f , β > v
  • t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
  • χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ > x
• Haishi Tun; Differences from Standard:
  • p, t, k > b̥, d̥, g̊
  • ɸ > f , β > v
  • t̆ʃ > ʃ , d̆ʒ > ʒ
  • t̆s > t̆ʃ, d̆z > d̆ʒ
  • χ, ʁ, ʡ, ħ > ɣ

Vowels

Standard Fruwi Phonemes and Diaphonemes
Placement	Front	Center	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

• //ae, ao, ai, au, əi, əu, ei, eu, oi, ou// are the only possible diphthongs
  

Fruwi Vowel Phonemes and Diaphonemes
Diaphonemes	a	ə	e	o	i	u	ae	ao	ai	au	əi	əu	ei	eu	oi	ou
Standard	a~ä	ə	e̞	o̞	i	u	ɑe	æo	ɑi	æu	ɘi	ɵu	ɛi	ɛu	ɔi	ɔu
Sontrai Ban	ä	œ	e	o̞	i	u	äe	äo	äi	äu	œi	œu	ɘi	ɘu	ɔi	ɔu
Sontrai Tun	a~ä	ɨ	e̞	o̞	ɪ	ʊ	äe	ao	äi	au	ɪi	ʊu	ɛi	ɛu	ɔi	ɔu
Haishi Ban	a~ä	ɑ	e̞	o̞	i	u	ɑɛ	äɔ	æi	äu	ɑi	ɑu	ɛi	ɛu	ɔi	ɔu
Haishi Tun	æ	ʌ	e̞	o	i	ʉ	ɑe	ao	äi	au	ʌi	ʌu	ei	ø	ɵi	ɵu

Stress and intonation

All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian. Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed.

Interrogatives

• The word for what, <>, has a rising intonation /↗︎/,
  • Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/
• The words for yes and no, <>, both have a falling intonation /↘︎/
  • Though, the final "or not", <>, found in yes-no questions, has a rising intonation /↗︎/

Determiners

Prosodic stress for disambiguating sentences:
1)	Everything > something	2)	Everything > something
∃y∀x P(x, y)	Ada > Anón	∀x∃y P(x, y)	Ada > Anón
For something, everything > it		For everything, it > something
1)	Every dog loves some toys	2)	Every dog loves some toys
∃y∈Toy∀x∈Dog Love(x, y)	ada DOG LOVE anón TOY	∀x∈Dog∃y∈Toy Love(x, y)	ada DOG LOVE anón TOY
For something (Toy), everything (Dog) loves it		For everything (Dog) , it loves something (Toy)

Phonotactics

syllable structure is: (C)²V(V)(C)² a more specific version is: (C)(A)V(V)(R)(C) & GV(V)

A = //w, r, l, j// approximant R = //r, l// G = /ʡ, ħ/ radical C = non-radical, non-approximant Consonants V = Vowels //ɸjailm// is CAVVRC, //ħai// is GVV

if the pronounciation is ambigious : then the coda steals the consonant if it is not guttral nor approximant

• /tamlat/:- /tam.lat/ -or /ta.mlat/:- /mam.lat/ is correct
• /talmat/:- /tal.mat/ -or /talm.at/:- /mal.mat/ is correct
• /talmlat/: /tal.mlat/ or /talm.lat/: /talm.lat/ is correct

ambigious pronounciation is not ambisyllabic. ambisyllabicity is possibly only when you have one consonant only between vowels
Syllables starting with glottal consonants may not have codas; ambisyllabic codas (C) are allowed

• banned*: /ħal/ /ħalm/ /ħal.mat/ /ħam/ /ħalm.lat/
• impossible anyways*: /ħaml/ /ħalml/
• ambisyllabic: /ħalat/ /ħamat/
• separate syllable: /ħa.mlat/

Allophony

Allophony in Fruwi
Standard Dialect:	Sontrai Ban:	Sontrai Tun:	Haishi Ban:	Haishi Tun:
Palatal shifting /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/ /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ] /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ] /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã] /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/ /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/			Palatal shifting /ŋ, k, g/ → [ɲ, c, ɟ] near /j, i, e/ /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ] /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ] /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)] /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/ /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/
Approximants /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/	Approximants /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/ /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/	Approximants /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/	Approximants /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/ /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/ /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/	Approximants /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ /l/→[ɔ] near /w, u, o/
Nasalize /V/→[Ṽ] near /m, n, ŋ/ /oŋ/→[õŋ], /orŋ/→[õrŋ], /ŋwo/→[ŋw̃õ] but: /oŋtu/→[õŋtu] /ŋ/→[ɴ] CODA, except near /j, i, e/ /oŋ/→[õɴ]
Labials /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/ /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi] /Vhigh, Approximant/→[Vhighʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already already bilabialized or labiodentalized /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /ɸwi/→[ɸwᵝiᵝ] Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ]			Labials /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/ /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi] /C, V/→[Cᵛ, Vᵛ] near /f, v/ /fɹu/→[fɹᵛuᵛ], but: /fɹuwi/→[fɹᵛuᵛwi] /Vhigh, Approximant/→[Vhighʷ, Aʷ] near /w/, and not already bilabialized or labiodentalized /wi/→[wiʷ], but: /wa/→[wa], /we/→[we], also but: /fwi/→[fwᵛiᵛ] Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical/→ same voicing as closest consonant /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬] /fru/→[fr̊ᵛuᵛ]
Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!

Morphophonotactics

Final syllable's onset may only be glottal in uncountable nouns (only I class nouns can be uncountable), this is because uncountable nouns cannot have final codas

Orthography

Fruwi may be written in any any writing system, though it needs to have enough letters for the phonology. The writing system needs not be bicameral, but it is good (not necessary) to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing.

Romanization

Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
Manner -> Place v	Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal
Nasal	m	n		nh
Lenis Stop	b	d		g
Fortis Stop	p	t		k
Lenis Fricative	f	s		x
Fortis Fricative	v	z		q
Lenis Affricate		c	ch
Fortis Affricate		j	jh
Trill		r
Approximant		l	y	w

ch, jh, nh also have many ways of writing them:

• c̃, j̃, ñ
• č, ǰ, ň
• c̄, j̄, n̄
• ć, j́, ń
• ĉ, ĵ, ĵ

Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi Transcribers
Manner -> Place v	Labial	Coronal	Medial	Palatal	Dorsal
Special Lenis Stop	bh	dh			gh
Special Fortis Stop	ph	th			kh

Vowel Orthography based on Standard Fruwi
Closed v.	Open v.	radical s. v.	radical f. v.
<Ii> //i//	<Īī> //.i//	<Íí> //.ʡi//	<Ìì> //.ħi//
<Uu> //u//	<Ūū> //.u//	<Úú> //.ʡu//	<Ùù> //.ħu//
<Ee> //e//	<Ēē> //.e//	<Éé> //.ʡe//	<Èè> //.ħe//
<Oo> //o//	<Ōō> //.o//	<Óó> //.ʡo//	<Òò> //.ħo//
<Aa> //a//	<Āā> //.a//	<Áá> //.ʡa//	<Àà> //.ħa//
<Ʌʌ> //ə//	<Ʌ̄ʌ̄> //.ə//	<Ʌ́ʌ́> //.ʡə//	<Ʌ̀ʌ̀> //.ħə//

Vowels at the start of a word need not have macrons, they are always open unless they have radical in front.
Vowels with macrons only written after other vowels:

• <alenta> /a.len.ta/ and <alēnta> /al.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is alenta, while the correct pronunciation is /al.en.ta/ (ambigious/ambisyllabic)
• <almenta> /al.men.ta/ and <almēnta> /alm.en.ta/ are the same, but correct spelling is almenta, and the correct pronounciation is /al.men.ta/ (ambigious)

Punctuation

Complete Punctuation
Use	Indicatives	Interrogatives	Imperatives
Name in Fruwi
Name in English	Period	Question Mark	Explanation Mark
Punctuation	.	?	!

• ! is not used in the same way as in English, but is used in all Imperative sentences

Phrasal Punctuation
Use	Quotations	Embedded Quotations	Serial Lists	Coordinating Conjunctions	Interjections	Appositives	Asides
Name in Fruwi
Name in English	Quotation Mark	Single Quotation Mark	Comma	Comma	Semicolon	Virgules	Semicolons
Punctuation	«TEXT»	«‹TEXT›TEXT»	,	,	;	/TEXT/	;TEXT;

• Appositives are used in this way:
  • X is Y. X does Z. => X, Y, does Z; My sister is Alice Smith. My sister likes jelly beans => My sister, Alice Smith, likes jelly beans.
• Interjections go at end of sentence always
• I do not know know how Asides, Appositives, and Interjections will work except for this

Numeral Punctuation
Use	Grouping	Decimal Point
Name in Fruwi
Name in English	Comma	Semicolons
Punctuation	1,234,56789	01234;5;67890

• Numbers are written very differently: 11,265,353.15464253 => 11,26535;3;15464,253

Morphology

Genders

Genders of Fruwi

Fruwi has 4 genders, which may be better described as Animacy. While most of the time meaning doesn't change drastically because of gender, words can change enough to be bad; for example, one of the words for friend, and the word or pet are the same except for the last vowel representing gender. The gender system is very similar to that of proto-fruwi. Until Fruwi, Names weren't Abstract, but were the class of the things they named.

There may be a fourth gender evolving in some dialects between the natural and derived, that includes minutes, events, locations, and the divine.

Notes on the Image;

• The divine may be any gender except for Abstract. The divine is for stuff like gods, spirits, mythological creatures...
• Naturalized means symbols; objectified abstract things
• "plants" also includes large Fungi
• Minutes are tiny/microscopic things that move; They can be Either Natural or Derived Gender - also depends on dialect]
• Events could mean holidays, meetings, thunderstorms, or similar
• Animated means things that have been given souls, zoomorphized
• Personified is what it says; example: country-balls :D

the 4 vowels for the genders are i, e, a, o

• Naturalized, Animated, and Personified exist by just changing the gender suffix
• When changing genders, you can not have middle ones; ex Ci, Ca, but no Ce, Co

Prepositions

all prepositions end in -o to combine with the articles

They combine like such:

• co + ol = c'ol
• ído + onh = íd'onh
• premo + onhi = prem'onhi

they may also combine with some predeterminers, as those come before articles

• bo + ada c'ol = b'ada c'ol
• premo + ogo c'onhe = prem'ogo c'onhe

The direct object marker "no" , which is optional, is also a preposition

• Syoó yiso ole vale => Syoó yiso n'ole vale

Determiners

Indefinite Determiners (Pre)

Indefinite Determiners	UNIVERSAL	NEGATIVE	ADDITIONAL	??	??	EXISTENTIAL
	ada	ogo	okeq	aqʌr	ʌchar	anón
	all* each* every*	none* no*	another* additional*	another* different* next*	last* previous*	some*

• co (of) is added if there are any central or post-determiners
• almost suffix "-lV" for Universal & Negative (adla, oglo)
• additional* => less* suffix "pa" (keqpa)

Articles (Central)

Articles start with /o/, and they combine with prepositions, which end in /o/, similar to how French combines à le into au. Articles do go before nouns. Articles are given the gloss ART.

	DEF	IDEF
O.Human	olo	oño
A.Living	ola	oña
E.Real	ole	oñe
I.Other	oli	oñi
N.Neuter	ol	oñ

Collective Nouns/Classifiers

CL -   means collective and/or classifier

the word "kal" is the collective

Articles and determiners go around the Collective if they are after it.

for example:

• kal mano: a group of people
• kal kal mano: a group of group of people

they have a use to differinciate between the collective and distributive

Distributive	vs.	Collective
1) You can buy each of these items for $5 = ...BUY ALL OF THESE THINGS FOR...		2) You can buy all of these items for $5 = ...BUY THIS COL THING FOR...
1) The three kids each have two ballons = ...THE THREE KIDS ALL HAVE TWO....		1) The three kids have have two ballons = ...THE THREE KIDS COL HAVE TWO...
Universal article is Distributive		use Collective (in Nouns) to turn into collective

They may stack infinitely

Nouns

Nouns are only declined for number, and diminutives. They already have gender inherently, so it doesn't count in my opinion.

Number(Noun)	Singular	Plural	Dimunitive	Plural Dimumitive
O.	-o	-onh	-or	-ornh
A.	-a	-anh	-ar	-arnh
E.	-e	-enh	-er	-ernh
I.	-i	-inh	-ir	-irnh

Mass Nouns

All nouns are treated as countable nouns, an example of such a language is turkish. The default, like turkish, is also plural.

For example:

• Goàñe, Meaning rice, is a mass noun, but treated as a countable noun
• The singular "Goàñe" may be translated into english as "a grain of rice"
• The plural, "Goàñeñ", may be translated as "rice"

Verbs

Main article: Fruwi/Verbs

Syntax

Word Order

The language is SVO in informal registers and SOV in formal registers.

Capitalization

• all Nouns
• many Pronouns
• all Numbers
• NOT Start of sentence

Alignment

The morphosyntactic alignment of the conlang is active-stative. (A=SA, O=SO ) It is fluid-S, having a prefix for volition. The language has many voices, including but not limited to active and stative, though impersonal verbs can’t have a stative voice.

Case

Nouns do not have case, but have a patientative prepositions. Many pronouns, though, have a a agentstive snd patientative case, which the “patientative” is also used in indirect objects.

Roles, Voices, & Cases

NP’s have roles, such as instrument, which determine where its position, such as subject, is in a sentence; based on voice, such as the instrumental voice.

While case for nouns doesn’t exist, pronouns have a agentative and a non-agentative case. Prepositions also do some work for showing the roles of the nouns, such as being used for all indirect objects. There’s even an optional preposition for the direct object.

The default voice, active, is null, while the stative voice has a suffix for it. Other more complicated and poetic voices, such as the instrumental, are derived from putting the corresponding preposition before the sentence, included with the stative suffix. Sometimes, stative voice may also be written including the optional direct object preposition with the suffix.

Verb types/structures

• transitive verbs [A & O]
• intransitive verbs [S]
• unergative verbs [As]
• unaccusative verbs [Os]
• impersonal verbs [avalent]

Many transitive verbs have both unergative and unaccusative versions. While some are unergative when they have no volition prefix (underlyingly), and while some are unaccusative, some may even be ambiguous.