Proto-Rugic

Proto-Rugic is the hypothetical ancestor of the Rugic languages.

Proto-Rugic
*þaudiskaz
Pronunciation	[ˈθɑuðiskɑz]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Proto-Rugic
Early forms	Proto-Balto-Slavic Pre-Proto-Rugic

Introduction

Proto-Rugic is the result of taking a Balto-Slavic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.

The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:

• PPR lacked the *eu to *jau sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

a-stems

Masculine or neuter.

	*wilhaz m. "wolf"			*jūką n. "yoke"
Nominative	*wilhaz	*wilhō	*wilhai	*jūką	*jūkai	*jūkō
Vocative	*wilh
Accusative	*wilhą		*wilhōnz
Genitive	*wilhō	*wilhōu	*wilhǭ	*jūkō	*jūkōu	*jūkǭ
Dative	*wilhōi	*wilhamō	*wilhamaz	*jūkōi	*jūkamō	*jūkamaz
Instrumental	*wilhai	*wilhamō	*wilhōiz	*jūkai	*jūkamō	*jūkōiz
Locative	*wilhai	*wilhōu	*wilhaizu	*jūkai	*jūkōu	*jūkaizu

There was a rare class of a-stems with contractions (from earlier stems ending in aj) known as ā-stems.. They decline as below:

	*pāz m. "battle"			*twą̄ n. "pair"
Nominative	*pāz	*pô	*pāi	*twą̄	*twāi	*twô
Vocative	*pai
Accusative	*pą̄		*pônz
Genitive	*pô	*pôu	*pǫ̂	*twô	*twôu	*twǫ̂
Dative	*pôi	*pāmō	*pāmaz	*twôi	*twāmō	*twāmaz
Instrumental	*pāi	*pāmō	*pôiz	*twāi	*twāmō	*twôiz
Locative	*pāi	*pôu	*pāizu	*twāi	*twôu	*twāizu

ō-stems

Feminine.

	*þaudō f. "people"
Nominative	*þaudō	*þaudōi	*þaudōz
Vocative
Accusative	*þaudǭ		*þaudōnz
Genitive	*þaudōz	*þaudōu	*þaudǭ
Dative	*þaudōi	*þaudōmō	*þaudōmaz
Instrumental	*þaudǭ	*þaudōmō	*þaudōmīz
Locative	*þaudōi	*þaudōu	*þaudōzu

Additionally, there was a rare subclass of ō-stem nouns known as ī/jō-stems. These nouns took the ending *-ī in the nominative singular. All other case and number combinations took the regular ō-stem endings preceded by *-(i)j- (according to Siever's Law).

There were also contracted ō-stems known as ô-stems. They were declined by replacing the -ō- in endings with -ô- (and -ǭ with -ǫ̂). For example, *skwô "needle (botany)".

ē-stems

Feminine.

	*demē f. "earth"
Nominative	*demē	*demēi	*demēz
Vocative
Accusative	*demǭ		*demēnz
Genitive	*demēz	*demēu	*demǭ
Dative	*demēi	*demēmō	*demēmaz
Instrumental	*demǭ	*demēmō	*demēmīz
Locative	*demēi	*demēu	*demēzu

i-stems

Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.

	*ankliz f. "coal"			*mari n. "sea"
Nominative	*ankliz	*anklī	*anklīz	*mari	*marī	*marī
Vocative	*anklī
Accusative	*anklį		*anklinz
Genitive	*anklīz	*anklijau	*anklijǭ	*marīz	*marjau	*marjǭ
Dative	*anklī	*anklimō	*anklimaz	*marī	*marimō	*marimaz
Instrumental	*anklimi	*anklimō	*anklimīz	*marimi	*marimō	*marimīz
Locative	*anklēi	*anklijau	*anklizu	*marēi	*marjau	*marizu

Note: The genitive/locative dual and genutive plural are subject to Siever's law.

u-stems

Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.

	*sūnuz f. "son"			*metu n. "honey"
Nominative	*sūnuz	*sūnū	*sūnawiz	*metu	*metū	*metū
Vocative	*sūnau
Accusative	*sūnų		*sūnunz
Genitive	*sūnauz	*sūnawau	*sūnawǭ	*metauz	*metawau	*metawǭ
Dative	*sūnawī	*sūnumō	*sūnumaz	*metawī	*metumō	*metumaz
Instrumental	*sūnumi	*sūnumō	*sūnumīz	*metumi	*metumō	*metumīz
Locative	*sūnawī	*sūnawau	*sūnuzu	*metawī	*metawau	*metuzu

n-stems

Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.

	*hamô m. "stone"			*immô n. "name"
Nominative	*hamô	*haminī	*haminiz	*immô	*imminī	*imminō
Vocative
Accusative	*haminį		*hamininz
Genitive	*haminiz	*haminau	*haminǭ	*imminiz	*imminau	*imminǭ
Dative	*haminī	*hamimmō	*hamimmaz	*imminī	*immimmō	*immimmaz
Instrumental	*hamimmi	*hamimmō	*hamimmīz	*immimmi	*immimmō	*immimmīz
Locative	*haminī	*haminau	*haminzu	*imminī	*imminau	*imminzu

Note:

1. In heavy j-suffixed n-stems, expected **-ijin- was contracted to *-īn-. Similarly, in light j-suffixed n-stems, expected **-jin- was contracted to *-in-.

r-stems

Masculine and feminine were declined the same.

	*prōþê m. "brother"
Nominative	*prōþê	*prōþrī	*prōþriz
Vocative	*prōþer
Accusative	*prōþrį		*prōþrinz
Genitive	*prōþriz	*prōþrau	*prōþrǭ
Dative	*prōþrī	*prōþrimō	*prōþrimaz
Instrumental	*prōþrimi	*prōþrimō	*prōþrimīz
Locative	*prōþrī	*prōþrau	*prōþrizu

z-stems

Neuter.

	*nepaz n. "cloud"
Nominative	*nepaz	*nipizī	*nipizō
Vocative
Accusative
Genitive	*nipiziz	*nipizau	*nipizǭ
Dative	*nipizī	*nipimmō	*nipimmaz
Instrumental	*nipimmi	*nipimmō	*nipimmīz
Locative	*nipizi	*nipizau	*nipissu

Consonant stems

Masculine and feminine were declined the same.

	*ahmô m. "stone"			*immô n. "name"
Nominative	*ahmô	*ahminī	*ahminiz	*immô	*imminī	*imminō
Vocative
Accusative	*ahminį		*ahmininz
Genitive	*ahminiz	*ahminau	*ahminǭ	*imminiz	*imminau	*imminǭ
Dative	*ahminī	*ahmimmō	*ahmimmaz	*imminī	*immimmō	*immimmaz
Instrumental	*ahmimmi	*ahmimmō	*ahmimmīz	*immimmi	*immimmō	*immimmīz
Locative	*ahminī	*ahminau	*ahminzu	*imminī	*imminau	*imminzu

Note: The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular was *-s (after unvoiced consonants) or *-z (after voiced consonants), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there was usually no suffix. However, there were many nouns that were irregular in those forms.

Adjectives

Most adjectives could be declined strong or weak. The class of an adjective was determined by its strong conjugation.

a/ō-stem adjectives

Declension of mōlaz "small"

Strong
	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*mōlaz	*mōlō	*mōlai	*mōlō	*mōlōi	*mōlōz	*mōl(a)	*mōlai	*mōlō
Accusative	*mōlan		*mōlōnz	*mōlǭ		*mōlōnz
Genitive	*mōlas	*mōlāu	*mōlaizǭ	*mōlazjōz	*mōlōu	*mōlōzǭ	*mōlas	*mōlāu	*mōlaizǭ
Dative	*mōlammai	*mōlaimō	*mōlaimaz	*mōlazjōi	*mōlōmō	*mōlōmaz	*mōlammai	*mōlaimō	*mōlaimaz
Instrumental	*mōlammi	*mōlaimō	*mōlaimīz	*mōlǭ	*mōlōmō	*mōlōmīz	*mōlammi	*mōlaimō	*mōlaimīz
Locative	*mōlammi	*mōlāu	*mōlaizu	*mōlōi	*mōlōu	*mōlōzu	*mōlammi	*mōlāu	*mōlaizu
Weak
	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*mōlaziz	*mōlô	*mōlaiz	*mōlô	*mōlôi	*mōlōzōz	*mōlai	*mōlāi	*mōlô
Accusative	*mōlanį		*mōlaninz	*mōlōnǭ		*mōlōnōnz
Genitive	*mōlôs	*mōlawjau	*mōlanizǭ	*mōlōzizōz	*mōlawjōu	*mōlōnōzǭ	*mōlôs	*mōlawjāu	*mōlanizǭ
Dative	*mōlajjammai	*mōlômō	*mōlazimaz	*mōlōzōi	*mōlômō	*mōlōzōmaz	*mōlajjammai	*mōlômō	*mōlazimaz
Instrumental	*mōlajjammi	*mōlômō	*mōlazimīz	*mōlōnǭ	*mōlômō	*mōlōzōmīz	*mōlajjammi	*mōlômō	*mōlazimīz
Locative	*mōlajjammi	*mōlawjau	*mōlanizu	*mōlōnōi	*mōlōnōu	*mōlōnōzu	*mōlajjammi	*mōlawjau	*mōlanizu

ja/jō-stem adjectives

These were a sub-type of a/ō-stem adjectives with a *-j- or *-ij- (according to Siever's Law) before the ending and were declined as such.

ā/ô-stem adjectives

These were a subset of a/ō-stem adjectives with lengthened endings. They arose by contraction from adjectives whose stems originally ended in -aj-, after the loss of intervocalic -j-.

Pronouns

First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns

	First person			Second person			Reflexive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ēzų	*wet; *wit	*mez; *miz	*þū; *þu	*jūt; *jut	*jūz; *juz	—
Accusative	*mēn; *miz	*nō	*nōz	*þēn; *þiz	*wō	*wōz	*sēn; *siz
Genitive	*mīniz; *mī	*nōu	*nōzǭ	*þīwiz; *þī	*wōu	*wōzǭ	*sīwiz; *sī
Dative	*mīnī; *mī	*nōmō	*nōmaz	*þīwī; *þī	*wōmō	*wōmaz	*sīwī; *sī
Instrumental	*mīnimi	*nōmō	*nōmīz	*þīwimi	*wōmō	*wōmīz	*sīwimi
Locative	*mīnī	*nōu	*nōzu	*þīwī	*wōu	*wōzu	*sīwī
Possessive adj.	*mīnaz	*nōwaz	*nōzijaz	*þīwaz	*wōwaz	*wōzijaz	*sīwaz

Notes:

1. When two forms are given, the first was the stressed form and the second was the unstressed form.
2. Possessive adjectives were always strong.

Other pronouns

	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*þaz	*þō	*þai	*þō	*þōi	*þōz	*þa	*þai	*þō
Accusative	*þan		*þōnz	*þǭ		*þōnz
Genitive	*þas	*þāu	*þaizǭ	*þazjōz	*þōu	*þōzǭ	*þas	*þāu	*þaizǭ
Dative	*þammai	*þaimō	*þaimaz	*þazjōi	*þōmō	*þōmaz	*þammai	*þaimō	*þaimaz
Instrumental	*þammi	*þaimō	*þaimīz	*þǭ	*þōmō	*þōmīz	*þammi	*þaimō	*þaimīz
Locative	*þammi	*þāu	*þaizu	*þōi	*þōu	*þōzu	*þammi	*þāu	*þaizu

	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*siz	*sī	*sīz	*sī	*sijōi	*sijōz	*si	*sī	*sī
Accusative	*sin		*sinz	*sijǭ		*sijōnz
Genitive	*ses	*sijau	*sezǭ	*sizjōz	*sijōu	*sijōzǭ	*ses	*sijau	*sezǭ
Dative	*simmai	*sīmō	*sīmaz	*sizjōi	*sijōmō	*sijōmaz	*simmai	*sīmō	*sīmaz
Instrumental	*simmi	*sīmō	*sīmīz	*sijǭ	*sijōmō	*sijōmīz	*simmi	*sīmō	*sīmīz
Locative	*simmi	*sijau	*sīzu	*sijōi	*sijōu	*sijōzu	*simmi	*sijau	*sīzu

Adverbs

Derived manner adverbs

The most common adverb-forming suffixes are *-ē and *-ō.

Numerals

#	Cardinal	Ordinal	Adverbial	Multiplier	Collective	Fractional
1	*ainaz	*firmaz
2	*twō	*anþeraz		*twāz	*twimaz	*pahaz
3	*þrīz	*þridjaz		*þrāz	*þrimaz
4	*hidwiriz	*hidwirþaz		*hedweraz	*hedwerumaz
5	*finhiz	*finhtaz		*finhteraz	*finhumaz
6	*swes	*swestaz		*swesteraz	*swesumaz
7	*siftį	*seftundaz		*seftunderaz	*seftumaz
8	*ahtō	*ahtundaz		*ahtunderaz	*ahtumaz
9	*niwin	*niwindaz		*niwinderaz	*niwinumaz
10	*tisin	*tisindaz		*tisinderaz	*tisinumaz
11	*ainalig				*analigumaz
12	*twalig
13	*þrilig
14	*hidwirlig
15	*finhlig
16	*sislig
17	*siftinlig
18	*ahtōlig
19	*niwinlig
20	*twitisin
30	*þritisin
40	*hidwirtisin
50	*finhtisin
60	*sistisin
70	*siftintisin
80	*ahtōtisin
90	*niwintisin
100	*sinþą
1000	*þūsandiz

Vocabulary

Time - *hēsaz

Seasons - *katō hēsai

English	Proto-Rugic
spring	*westrō (f., ō-stem)
summer	*laidą (n., a-stem)
fall	*aziniz (f., i-stem)
winter	*dīmō (f., ō-stem)

Parts of the day - *tīnō tailai

English	Proto-Tungric
day	*tīnaz (m., a-stem)
dawn	*garjō (f., ō-stem)
morning	*austrō (f., ō-stem)
evening	*weheraz (m., a-stem)
night	*nahtiz (f., i-stem)

Units of time - *hēsō mēþīz

English	Proto-Tungric
hour
day	*tīnaz (m., o-stem)
week	*seftumō (f., ō-stem)
month	*mēnsiz (m., i-stem)
season	*hēsaz (m., a-stem)
year	*kataz (m., a-stem)

Time adverbs - *hēsō wardō

English	Proto-Tungric
now	*nu, *nū
then	*þat
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly
later
always	*wist
often	*hinstō
sometimes
rarely
never	*ne waihaz
ever	*waihaz
still, yet	*esk
already	*jau(k)
yesterday
tomorrow

Colours - *hwaidai

Colours - *hwaidai

English	Proto-Tungric
white	*palaz; *plaitaz
grey	*sīwaz
black	*hirznaz
red	*rautaz; *rūtijaz
brown	*pēraz
yellow	*kildaz; *falwaz
green	*krēnaz; *daljaz
blue	*matraz