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→Verb extensions
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====Verb extensions==== | ====Verb extensions==== | ||
When verb extensions (other than the passive and intensive) are added, the verb always ends in the vowel ''-ä'' in the present. | |||
'''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' in the present and ''-́we'' in the perfect. With stems ending in a velar or guttural, labialize the final consonant and add ''-́a'' (present) / ''-́e'' (perfect). | '''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' in the present and ''-́we'' in the perfect. With stems ending in a velar or guttural, labialize the final consonant and add ''-́a'' (present) / ''-́e'' (perfect). | ||
:e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድልዌ ''gweddḯl<b>we</b>'' "to have been walked to". | :e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድልዌ ''gweddḯl<b>we</b>'' "to have been walked to". | ||
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:: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", ግዙጙⶕ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>e'' "to have cooked intensively/repeatedly". | :: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", ግዙጙⶕ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>e'' "to have cooked intensively/repeatedly". | ||
''' | '''Middle''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It has various uses including: forming the anticausative of lexically causative verbs (e.g. ግዙጘ ''gïzúngä'' "to cook (trns.)" → ዪዙጝገ ''yizúng<b>g</b>ä'' "it cooks (intr.)"); forming de-agentivized passives (e.g. ግኝለ ''gï̀nglä'' "to sell" → ዪጝልጌ ''yingï̀lge'' "it was sold"); and forming potentials (e.g. ግሌ ''gïlé'' "to eat" → ዪሌገ ''yilégä'' "it is edible"; ግላለ ''gïlálä'' "to sleep" → ዪላልገ ''yilálgä'' "it can be slept on"). | ||
:e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>ä'' "to cook (intr.)", ግዙጝጌ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>e'' "to have cooked (intr.)". | <!-- | ||
:e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>ä'' "to cook (intr.)", ግዙጝጌ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>e'' "to have cooked (intr.)".--> | |||
Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is intensive-causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is intensive-middle-causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | ||
:e.g. ጔዴዚሽለነጟ ''gwed<b>ezzishlänä́ngwa</b>'' "to extensively be made to walk repeatedly to each other". | :e.g. ጔዴዚሽለነጟ ''gwed<b>ezzishlänä́ngwa</b>'' "to extensively be made to walk repeatedly to each other". | ||
<!-- gwedd were low --> | <!-- gwedd were low --> | ||