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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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==Derivational morphology (''vāmbeithausire maivāndarāmita'')== | ==Derivational morphology (''vāmbeithausire maivāndarāmita'')== | ||
Chlouvānem has an extensive system of derivational morphology, with many possibilities of deriving words from verbal roots and even from other nouns. | Chlouvānem has an extensive system of derivational morphology, with many possibilities of deriving words from verbal roots and even from other nouns. | ||
===Compounds=== | |||
Chlouvānem, like Sanskrit, has four main types of compound words (''tadmaiva'', pl. ''tadmaivai''), called in Chlouvānem grammar ''emibądanīs'' (dvandva), ''khladaradhausire tadmaiva'' (avyayībhāva), ''nīdhvakādhūs'' (tatpuruṣa), and ''kaudhvakādhūs'' (bahuvrīhi). | |||
====Dvandva (''emibądanīs'')==== | |||
The first type of compounds is ''emibądanīs'' type (also called ''no ga tadmaiva''), corresponding to dvandva compounds. In ''emibądanais'', all words in the compound are taken with the concrete idea they represent. As hinted to by the alternative name, these compounds effectively substitute an "X Y no" (X and Y), compressing it into a single word. | |||
: ''tēneh ukyā no'' "a branch and a trunk" → ''tēnayukyāt'' "branch and trunk" | |||
Dvandva compounds are formed by removing the direct case ''-s'' or ''-h'' marker from the word, lengthening all resulting final vowels (i.e. for all words not ending in ''-oe, -ai, -m'', or ''-n''), and joining with saṃdhi the second word; the second word is then inflected in the dual (if the word semantically refers to two things) or in the plural (if it refers to three or more things - see the next example). | |||
: ''tēneh nūlyai no'' "a branch and leaves" → ''tēnēnūlyai'' "branch(es) and leaves" | |||
Note that, if the dvandva is plural, there is no indication of how many elements of each component are present: | |||
: ''lalāruṇāt voltām no'' "two lalāruṇai (<small>DU</small>) and a sheep (<small>SG</small>)" → ''lalāruṇāvoltāk'' "lalāruṇai and sheep" (<small>PL</small>) | |||
: ''lalāruṇai voltām no'' "lalāruṇai (<small>PL</small>) and a sheep (<small>SG</small>)" → ''lalāruṇāvoltāk'' "lalāruṇai and sheep" (<small>PL</small>) | |||
: ''lalāruṇa voltāk no'' "a lalāruṇa (<small>SG</small>) and sheep (<small>PL</small>)" → ''lalāruṇāvoltāk'' "lalāruṇai and sheep" (<small>PL</small>) | |||
The identification of how many individual lalāruṇai and sheep is lost in the compound, however, we know from the plural number that there must be at least three animals; otherwise, the dvandva would be dual: | |||
: ''lalāruṇa voltām no'' "a lalāruṇa (<small>SG</small>) and a sheep (<small>SG</small>)" → ''lalāruṇāvoltīvā'' "lalāruṇai and sheep" (<small>DU</small>) | |||
Dvandva made of three or more elements can, obviously, only be plural: | |||
: ''lalāruṇa voltām no jorai no'' "a lalāruṇa, a sheep, and a goat" → ''lalāruṇāvoltāñjorāye'' "lalārunai, sheep, and goats" | |||
In the most formal registers of Chlouvānem, it is not uncommon to find dvandva compounds made of several elements: | |||
: ''lācāh kraṣṭāmita no lillāmita no demigretas no lelyēmita no'' "love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family" → ''lācākraṣṭāmitālillāmitādemigretālelyēmitai'' "love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family" | |||
====Avyayībhāva (''khladaradhausire tadmaiva'')==== | |||
Avyayībhāva compounds, in Chlouvānem ''khladaradhausirāhe tadmaivai'' ("adverbial compounds"), are not as productive as the other types and, in fact, except for a few words they're mostly limited to Archaic and Classical Chlouvānem; despite being based on the latter, modern Chlouvānem does not use them productively.<br/>These compounds generally have a first element which is a particle (or a verbal prefix), and the second element is a noun which is either left uninflected in the direct singular or, more commonly, in the two Archaic Chlouvānem adverbializing cases: the instrumental plural or the locative singular. | |||
: ''sam + jildas'' "after + act" → *sañjildas → ''sañjilde'' "consequently" | |||
: ''naš(e) + sṝva'' "full, complete + extent" → *nakṣṝva → ''nakṣṝve'' "as much as possible" | |||
: ''væse + vāyam'' "while + image, form" → ''væsvāyam'' → ''væsvāyam'' or ''væsvāyaṃrīka'' "thus, therefore" | |||
: ''paṣ(e) + vāyam'' "beyond + image, form" → ''paṣvāyam'' → ''paṣvāyam'' "in addition, furthermore" | |||
: ''maibu + jallas'' "enough + condition" → *maibujallas → ''maibujalle'' "as needed" | |||
A particular kind of avyayībhāva is the ''-ṣati'' class, whose particularity derives from having a first element which is a declinable word (a possessive determiner); however, they're still adverbs and therefore uninflected: | |||
: ''lilyā ṣati'' "my way" → ''lilyāṣati'' "from my point of view; in my opinion; my way" | |||
: ''sāmyā ṣati'' "your way" → ''sāmyāṣati'' "from your point of view; in your opinion; your way" | |||
====Tatpuruṣa (''nīdhvakādhūs'')==== | |||
Tatpuruṣa compounds (''nīdhvakādhūs'' "with meaning inside", pl. ''nīdhvakādhaus'') are likely the most common overall in Chlouvānem, and are the preferred way of crafting new words. These are endocentric compounds, the last element, the head of the compound, is modified by the previous element(s), which can be of any part of speech. Usually, the tatpuruṣa replaces genitive "X of Y", agentive "X which does Y", benefactive "X for Y", locative "X in Y", instrumental "X with Y", or sometimes copular structures "X which is (also) Y" (corresponding to Sanskrit karmadhāraya compounds) or "X made of Y".<br/> | |||
The determining elements are generally uninflected. | |||
: ''vāṇumi tarlā'' "study of plants" → ''vāṇatarlā'' "botany" | |||
: ''vāṇatarlom kaminairīveyē lila'' "a person studying botany" (semantic agent) → ''vāṇatarlālila'' "botanist" | |||
: ''mordhē cūlla'' "carriage that flies" → ''mordhacūlla'' "airplane" | |||
: ''aṣṭre nali hatsunā'' "brush for teeth" → ''aṣṭṛhatsunā'' "toothbrush" | |||
: ''nanāye līlta'' "path in the jungle" → ''nanailīlta'' "jungle path" | |||
: ''nijogāp konanah'' "shooting with bow" → ''nijogākonanah'' "archery" | |||
: ''muliḍhyęs dunā'' "a telephone which is a computer" → ''muliḍhyāḍuṇā'' "smartphone" | |||
: ''javilenīs mayābi'' "wine made from apples" → ''javilmayābi'' "cider" | |||
====Bahuvrīhi (''kaudhvakādhūs'')==== | |||
Bahuvrīhi compounds (''kaudhvakādhūs'' "with meaning outside", pl. ''kaudhvakādhaus'') are also quite common Chlouvānem words; they are exocentric compounds where none of the elements is the head of the compound, or, all elements are qualifiers. They replace structures like "[someone/something] with X which is/are Y" or "[sm/st] whose X is/are Y"; it could even be generalized to "[sm/st] whose [tatpuruṣa compound]": | |||
: ''murkire dhānęs lā lila'' "person with black hands" → ''murkadhāna'' "Inquisitor" | |||
: ''yųlgis nali javyęs lā dvārma'' "room with fire for food" → ''yųljavyāh'' "kitchen"<ref>Synchronically, this analysis is correct; however, this word was likely first crafted as a tatpuruṣa, i.e. "a fire for food" (''yųlgis nali javyāh''), before kitchens were rooms.</ref> | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||