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|- | |- | ||
! Glottal | ! Glottal | ||
| {{IPA|/h | | {{IPA|/ʔ~h/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| {{IPA|//ˈwat. | | {{IPA|//ˈwat.ʔa.ka//}} | ||
| → {{IPA|/ | | → {{IPA|/ˈwaʔ.ta.ka/}} | ||
| → {{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.ʁɐ]}} | | → {{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.ʁɐ]}} | ||
| → ''oahdaga'' "during the day" | | → ''oahdaga'' "during the day" | ||
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! {{IPA|//h-//}} | ! {{IPA|//h-//}} | ||
| [ħ.P] | | [ħ.P] | ||
| [ | | [ħ.P͡F] | ||
| /ʔ.ᴰN/ | | /ʔ.ᴰN/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ee'' and ''oo'' as well as verbal and possessive prefixes ''e-'' and ''o-''. Despite their conventional romanisation ''ee'' and ''oo'' are not pronounced *[-i̯eː-] and *[-u̯oː-]. They are respectively irregularly reduced forms of *''eyye'' and *''owwo'' that tend to blend into the next word, often as [-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-] and [-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-], but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as [-ɪw-] and [-ʊj-]. This also goes for the proximal-proximal reflexive prefix ''ee-'' (reduced from *''eye-'') and the distal-distal counterpart ''oo-'' (reduced from *''owo-''). However, in converbs such as the locative ''eeda'' "here" the underlying form is different and so the pronunciation is the expected [-i̯eː.ðɐ] (compare this to ''ee go'' [- | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ee'' and ''oo'' as well as verbal and possessive prefixes ''e-'' and ''o-''. Despite their conventional romanisation ''ee'' and ''oo'' are not pronounced *[-i̯eː-] and *[-u̯oː-]. They are respectively irregularly reduced forms of *''eyye'' and *''owwo'' that tend to blend into the next word, often as [-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-] and [-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-], but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as [-ɪw-] and [-ʊj-]. This also goes for the proximal-proximal reflexive prefix ''ee-'' (reduced from *''eye-'') and the distal-distal counterpart ''oo-'' (reduced from *''owo-''). However, in converbs such as the locative ''eeda'' "here" the underlying form is different and so the pronunciation is the expected [-i̯eː.ðɐ] (compare this to ''ee go'' [-e̞ːɪ̯‿ɣʊ]~[-e̞ːɪ̯‿ɣo̞], where the clitic is attached to the free-floating nominal and not the root). They can be thought of as *''ey'' and *''ow'' but due to their exceptionality and for consistency with the use of ''e'' and ''o'' for semivowels elsewhere (as in ''ae'' and ''ao'') it has been decided that they be spelled the way they are. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>hh</u>ee | |phrase=ao go bahba e<u>hh</u>ee | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ je̞çˈçi̯eː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>ss</u>ee | |phrase=ao go bahba e<u>ss</u>ee | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ehhees | |phrase=ehhees | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçi̯eːɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX-TV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-TV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=essees | |phrase=essees | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕi̯eːɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=they are looking at me | |translation=they are looking at me | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnaga ao go aosãã ma | |phrase=oadnaga ao go aosãã ma | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.ʁɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.ʁɐ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | ||
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | |gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ee ehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ee ehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ħˈpɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ee eebadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ee eebadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ɪ̯ˈβɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba od<u>sãmm</u>oyya | |phrase=ao go bahba od<u>sãmm</u>oyya | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog DIST-TV-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog DIST-TV-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya | |phrase=ao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmʲi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-TV-water-consume.CAUS.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-TV-water-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[oo oahdaga bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [ee oahdaga esseenas]<sub>2</sub> | |phrase=[oo oahdaga bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [ee oahdaga esseenas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.ʁɐ ˈβɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.ʁɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ ˈjɪw‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.ʁɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TRANS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TRANS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go oada esseenas no | |phrase=bahba go oada esseenas no | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ Q | |gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
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| :PYR | | :PYR | ||
| Fire (by extension core or centre) | | Fire (by extension core or centre) | ||
|- | |||
| ''baa'' | |||
| ''ba'' | |||
| :INST | |||
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| — | | — | ||
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|gloss=POSS-head TOP:STAT | |gloss=POSS-head TOP:STAT | ||
|translation=head (on the body) | |translation=head (on the body) | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑħ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba go ooda egoo | |phrase=ao go bahba go ooda egoo | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwu̯oː.ðɐ jɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go ՚lgoo | |phrase=ao go ՚lgoo | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɬ̠̩ˈku̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT AND-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT AND-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao moves (away) | |translation=Ao moves (away) | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go ՚ŋgoo | |phrase=ao go ՚ŋgoo | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔŋ̩ˈɡu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT VEN-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT VEN-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao moves (hither) | |translation=Ao moves (hither) | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go negoo | |phrase=ao go negoo | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ɲɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is below | |translation=Ao is below | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go nelgoo | |phrase=ao go nelgoo | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ɲɪɬˈku̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-MOT-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT SUB-MOT-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao moves down | |translation=Ao moves down | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=nendsãndsada | |phrase=nendsãndsada | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ɲɪn̠ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐ.ðɐ] | ||
|gloss=SUB-VEN-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-CVB:LOC | |gloss=SUB-VEN-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-CVB:LOC | ||
|translation=by the (bottom of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water comes gushing down") | |translation=by the (bottom of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water comes gushing down") | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=neldsãndsada | |phrase=neldsãndsada | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ɲɪɬ.t̠͡s̠ɑ̃n̠.d̠͡z̠ɐ.ðɐ] | ||
|gloss=SUB-AND-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-CVB:LOC | |gloss=SUB-AND-LOC:LIQ.FREQ.IND-CVB:LOC | ||
|translation=by the (top of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water goes gushing down") | |translation=by the (top of the) waterfall<br />(lit. "where water goes gushing down") | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=<u>dodsa</u> go nõŋgo oŋgoone | |phrase=<u>dodsa</u> go nõŋgo oŋgoone | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈd̠o̞ħ.t̠͡s̠ɐ‿ɣʊ ˈn̠õ̞ŋ.ɡo̞ wʊŋˈɡu̯oː.ɲɪ] | ||
|gloss=<u>smoke.FREQ.IND</u> TOP:ACT Q-CVB:DUR DIST-VEN-LOC:ACT.TRANS.OPT | |gloss=<u>smoke.FREQ.IND</u> TOP:ACT Q-CVB:DUR DIST-VEN-LOC:ACT.TRANS.OPT | ||
|translation=when does the <u>train</u> arrive? | |translation=when does the <u>train</u> arrive? | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go ewoe no | |phrase=bahba go ewoe no | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ jɪˈwʊːɪ̯‿n̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | |gloss=dog TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | ||
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry | |translation=maybe the dog is hungry | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go ahbada esdsoes | |phrase=ao go ahbada esdsoes | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ˈʔɑħ.pɐ.ðɐ jɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT appa-CVB:LOC PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT appa-CVB:LOC PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ | ||
|translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa | |translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa | ||
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|phrase=ahbada esoonas | |phrase=ahbada esoonas | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ.ðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ.ðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=appa-LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.TRANS.IND-CONJ | |gloss=appa-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.TRANS.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I've moved to Appa | |translation=I've moved to Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=meyya bahba go | |phrase=meyya bahba go | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | ||
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog TOP:ACT | |gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go oada | |phrase=bahba go oada | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ] | ||
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND | |gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND | ||
|translation=a white dog | |translation=a white dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=meyya bahba go oada | |phrase=meyya bahba go oada | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ] | ||
|gloss=fire-SEMB dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND | |gloss=fire-SEMB dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND | ||
|translation=a light brown dog | |translation=a light brown dog |
edits