Ash: Difference between revisions

|nativename = ''ahgaa''

'''Ash''' (''ahgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ahba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.

| → {{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ]}}

===Syllabification and diphthongisation===

In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal, or an /i/ or /u/ may reduce to its glide counterpart, forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel. This is represented in the romanisation by an apostrophe. An example of the former is the inalienable possession prefix ''(a)n-'' becoming ''’n-'', and an example of the latter is the proximal reflexive ''aye-'' becoming ''ay’-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''’ndoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and ''ad’ndoo-'' when the transitive-volitional ''ah-'' is added; ''w-see-'' "breathe" similarly syllabifies to ''osee-'' and ''ahosee-'' but gets spelled without the apostrophe since there is a corresponding vowel letter in the romanisation.

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ]}}

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ]}}

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ]}}

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑs̠.t̠ɐ]}}

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑː.ʑɪ]}}

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᶡɲɪ]}}

{{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑɕ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}

Sometimes stems appear connected through no longer productive processes, such as ''mohwa'' "cook", related also to ''oo''.

| ''’mmõõ''

| ''ayya'' "sea-like; blue; green"

The shorter forms given in parentheses are the historically regular outcomes of these suffixes after unstressed vowels; the longer forms have since taken over productively in normal verbs by analogy with the instances where those were always regular, but the shorter forms remain productive in the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. ''ahba las'' "in Appa"), and are still found in some common fossilised words, such as ''eyyas'' "here" and ''eyyah'' "now". There are also instances of splits, such as the productive ''oadnada'' "where the sun rises" versus the fossilised ''oadnas'', referring specifically to the corresponding cardinal direction.

Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ey’'' and ''ow’'', shortened forms of ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' that tend to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-(ʔ)e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-(ʔ)e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-(ʔ)o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-(ʔ)o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-(ʔ)ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-(ʔ)ʊj-]}}. The full forms do get written out when converbialising suffixes are attached, e.g. ''owwas'' "there".

 

The isolated forms phonetically start with a glottal stop, while the affixed forms may be viewed as vocalised glides, leading to different forms of sandhi intervocalically.

| ''(ey’ go) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale"

| ''(ey’ go) oada<u>s</u> no?''<br />"are you pale?"

| ''(ey’ go) oada''<br />"you are pale"

| ''(ow’ go) oada''<br />"they are pale"

| ''(ey’ go) oada no?''<br />"am I pale?"

| ''(ow’ go) oada no?''<br />"are they pale?"

| ''(ey’ go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you"

| ''(ey’ go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me"

| ''(ow’ go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them"

| ''(ow’ go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me"

| ''(ey’ go) ahhee''<br />"you look at them"

| ''(ey’ go) assee''<br />"they look at you"

| ''(ow’ go) ahhee''<br />"they₁ look at them₂"

| ''(ow’ go) assee''<br />"they₂ look at them₁"

| ''(ey’ go) oada<u>s</u> (ey’ go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale"

| ''(ey’ go) oada<u>s</u> (ey’ go) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale"

| ''(ow’ go) oada<u>s</u> (ow’ go) ogaa''<br />"they₁ said they₁ are pale"

| ''(ey’ go) oada (ey’ go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale"

| ''(ey’ go) oada (ey’ go) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale"

| ''(ow’ go) oada (ow’ go) ogaa''<br />"they₁ said they₂ are pale"

|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas

|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>hh</u>ee

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ je̞çˈçi̯eː]

|phrase=ao go bahba e<u>ss</u>ee

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː]

|phrase=ehhees

|phrase=essees

|phrase=oadnawo ay’sããs

|phrase=oadnawo ao go aw’sãã ma

|phrase=emmõõ bo ey’ ehbadsas

|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈʔe̞j‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

|phrase=emmõõ bo ey’ ey’badsas

|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈʔe̞j‿je̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

|phrase=ao go bahba od<u>sãmm</u>oyya

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ħˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]

|phrase=ao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmʲi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ]

| ''bahba go ahhee''<br />"dogs see it"

| ''bahba go assee''<br />"dogs are seen"

| ''sãã sa ahhee''<br />"water is seen"

| ''*sãã sa assee''<br />(ungrammatical)

| ''ao go <u>bahba</u> ohhee''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog"

| ''<u>bahba go</u> ao ossee''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at"

| ''ao go <u>sãã</u> ohhoo''<br />"Ao was drinking water"

| ''<u>sãã sa</u> ao ohhoo''<br />"it was water Ao was drinking"

|phrase=[ow’ oahdawo bahba go ossoena]₁ [ey’ oahdawo esseenas]₂

|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ ˈʔɪw‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠]

|phrase=bahba go oada esseenas no

|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ]

|phrase=’mmõõ bo

|IPA=[ʔm̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ]

|phrase=’mmõõ la

|IPA=[ʔm̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ]

|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas

|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

|phrase=ao go bahba go owwas egoo

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈʔo̞w.wɐɕ‿ɕɪˈɣu̯oː]

|phrase=ahba las ao go enegoo

|phrase=ahba las ao go enegoona

|phrase=ahba las ao go enegohda

|phrase=ao sas sãã

|phrase=ao sas laa

|phrase=ao gos ’mmõõ la

|IPA=[ʔɪˈwʊːɪ̯ɕ]

|IPA=[ʔɪˈwʊːɪ̯‿n̠ʊ]

|phrase=ahba las ao go esdsoes

|phrase=ahba las esoonas

Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ao'' "sea" → ''ayya'' "blue; green".

|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ]