793
edits
Pulqer/Kelt: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Syntax
(→Syntax) |
|||
| Line 391: | Line 391: | ||
Indirect objects are placed before or after the main SVO structure, usually preceded by a preposition, e.g. ''tihurawamen fal kat'' "you gave it to me", ''ipa palatiik wisutanamen'' "they killed him with spears". Indirect objects of a causative verb (i.e. the semantic object of the original verb) always come after the verb, e.g. ''kisuneenitsa qaqral'' "I made him see the house, I showed him the house). | Indirect objects are placed before or after the main SVO structure, usually preceded by a preposition, e.g. ''tihurawamen fal kat'' "you gave it to me", ''ipa palatiik wisutanamen'' "they killed him with spears". Indirect objects of a causative verb (i.e. the semantic object of the original verb) always come after the verb, e.g. ''kisuneenitsa qaqral'' "I made him see the house, I showed him the house). | ||
==Derivation== | |||
All lexical or content words in Kelt are compose of a root, usually with affixes that determine its nature. An individual root need not belong to a particular part of speech, for example ''ETS'' can be a noun (''etsah'' "salt"), an adjective meaning 'of or pertaining to' (''ets'' "salty") or a verb usually meaning 'to make use of' (''kiwunetsi'' "I salt it"). | |||
Further derivation is carried out by (1) the addition of derivative affixes, or (2) compounding. | |||
===Derivative Affixes=== | |||
===Compounding=== | |||
Compounding forms an important part of Kelt derivation and can affect nouns, adjectives or verbs. | |||
Nominal compounds generally consist of a head word preceded by another word that qualifies the meaning of that noun. | |||
* Noun + Noun compounds usually create a subtype of the head noun, e.g. ''laan'' "breath" + ''qal'' "wind" = ''laanqalah'' "breeze", ''tśitel'' "demon" + ''hel'' "fire" = ''tśitselhelah'' "wild-fire". In some cases there may be a genitive relationship between the two elements, e.g. ''kayat'' "fish" + ''palat'' "spear" = ''kayatpalateh'' "fish-spear, harpoon", ''tur'' "god" + ''qral'' "house" = ''turqralah'' "temple". Usually the compound will follow the gender of the head noun, but semantics may dictate otherwise. | |||
* Adjective + Noun compounds also form a subtype of the noun, e.g. ''suup'' "large" + ''qral'' "house" = ''suupqralah'' "mansion, palace", | |||
* Verb + Noun compounds form a subtype of the noun that carries out that verb either as the agent or as an instrument, e.g. ''selik'' "hunt" + ''nuuk'' "dog" = ''seliknuukah'' "hound". | |||
Adjective compounds consist of a head word preceded by a qualifying noun or adjective: | |||
* Noun + Adjective usually creates an adjective meaning 'X as a Y', e.g. ''luts'' "sun" + ''napan'' "hot" = ''lutsnapan'' "hot as the sun". | |||
* Adjective + Adjective compounds usually indicate a combination of the two adjectives or something in between, e.g. ''kawan'' "weak" + ''neh'' "old" = ''kawanneh'' "frail, decrepit". | |||
In verbal compounds, a noun object may be incorporated into the verb creating an intransitive verb, e.g. ''hurat'' "offering" + ''raw'' "give" = ''kihuratrawamen'' "I made an offering". | |||
A Verb + Verb compound creates a kind of serial verb construction in which the two verbs occur simultaneously, often where the first verb describes the manner of the second, e.g. ''maap'' "walk" + ''tuq'' "come" = ''kimaaptuqamen'' "I came walking", ''teś'' "fall" + ''mit'' "go down" = ''kiteśmitamen'' "I fell down", ''pel'' "carry" + ''tuq'' "come" = ''kipeltuqamen'' "I brought". | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||