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→Auxiliary verbs
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==== Auxiliary verbs ==== | ==== Auxiliary verbs ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+caption | | |+caption | Modal auxiliary verbs | ||
|- | |||
! Root | |||
! Attached to | |||
! Irrealis | |||
! Infinitive | |||
! Conclusive | |||
! Adnominal | |||
! Realis | |||
! Imperative | |||
! Meaning | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! ''*cu-'' | |||
| Irrealis | |||
| ''*cuwe'' | |||
| ''*cuwi'' | |||
| ''*cusu'' | |||
| ''*cū'' | |||
| ''*cusa'' | |||
| ''*cure'' | |||
| Causative voice | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! ''*kag-'' | |||
| Irrealis | |||
| ''*kage'' | |||
| ''*kagi'' | |||
| ''*kagusu'' | |||
| ''*kagu'' | |||
| ''*kagsa'' | |||
| ''*kagə̄'' | |||
| Reciprocal voice | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! ''*səw-'' | |||
| Irrealis | |||
| ''*səwe'' | |||
| ''*səwi'' | |||
| ''*səusu'' | |||
| ''*səu'' | |||
| ''*səusa'' | |||
| ''*səure'' | |||
| Passive voice | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Aspectual auxiliary verbs | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Root | ! Root | ||
| Line 546: | Line 589: | ||
| ''*arə̄'' | | ''*arə̄'' | ||
| Perfective aspect • Continuation | | Perfective aspect • Continuation | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Auxiliary verbs | |||
|- | |||
! Root | |||
! Attached to | |||
! Irrealis | |||
! Infinitive | |||
! Conclusive | |||
! Adnominal | |||
! Realis | |||
! Imperative | |||
! Meaning | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! ''*ki-/*s-'' | ! ''*ki-/*s-'' | ||