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Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions
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! 1.sg. possessor | ! 1.sg. possessor | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*tə-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*tə-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*təbeŋ'' 'my house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1.pl. possessor | ! 1.pl. possessor | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*wə-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*wə-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*wəbeŋ'' 'our house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2.sg. possessor | ! 2.sg. possessor | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*nə-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*nə-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*nəbeŋ'' 'your house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2.pl. possessor | ! 2.pl. possessor | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*bə-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*bə-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*bəbeŋ'' 'y'all's house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd person possessor | ! 3rd person possessor | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*ī-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*ī-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*ībeŋ'' 'their house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4th person possessor | ! 4th person possessor | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*kə-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*kə-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*kəbeŋ'' 'their house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Indefinite possessor | ! Indefinite possessor | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*ā-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*ā-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*ābeŋ'' 'someone's house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! proximal determiner | ! proximal determiner | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*gi-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*gi-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*gibeŋ'' 'this house' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! medial determiner | ! medial determiner | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*igi-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*igi-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*igibeŋ'' 'that house near you' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! distal determiner | ! distal determiner | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*agi-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*agi-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*agibeŋ'' 'that house over there' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! ergative case | ! ergative case | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ŋa'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ŋa'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*dūnəŋa'' 'the person (erg.)' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dative case | ! dative case | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-əi'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-əi'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*dūnəʔəi'' 'to the person'<br>Can also be used with motion to | ||
|- | |- | ||
! locative case | ! locative case | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-in'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-in'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*beŋin'' 'at the house'<br>Can also be used with motion from | ||
|- | |- | ||
! comitative case | ! comitative case | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-il'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-il'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*kuril'' 'with the chief' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! partitive case | ! partitive case | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-isāh'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-isāh'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*arkʷisāh'' 'part of the boat' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vocative case | ! vocative case | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-a'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-a'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*kura'' 'o chief!' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! honorific | ! honorific | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-cin'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-cin'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*dūnəcin'' 'the person (said with respect)' | ||
|} | |} | ||
A small quirk of morphosyntax; when a prefix is attached to a word, any suffix is not attached after the words itself, but after the prefix, i.e. '''''*wə-ŋa-kur''''' ('our chief (erg.)') not ''**wə-kur-ŋa''. This includes instances of [[w:Suffixaufnahme|suffixaufnahme]], such as those which commonly occur with the honorific; '''''* | A small quirk of morphosyntax; when a prefix is attached to a word, any suffix is not attached after the words itself, but after the prefix, i.e. '''''*wə-ŋa-kur''''' ('our chief (erg.)') not ''**wə-kur-ŋa''. This includes instances of [[w:Suffixaufnahme|suffixaufnahme]], such as those which commonly occur with the honorific; '''''*wəcinŋa kur''''' not ''**wəŋa kurcin'' or ''**wəcin kurŋa''. | ||
Unmarked nouns can be used as a genitive construct state, wherein the possessor comes before the possessed, e.g. '''''* | Unmarked nouns can be used as a genitive construct state, wherein the possessor comes before the possessed, e.g. '''''*kurbeŋ''''' ('the chief's house'). Occasionally, the 3rd or 4th person possessive pronouns may come before the main noun, depending on the salience of the possessor within the discourse ('''''*kur ībeŋ''''' or '''''*kur kəbeŋ'''''). | ||
=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
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| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-l-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-l-'' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | trans. | | style="text-align:center;" | trans. | ||
| ''*təul aŋ'' ('the door opens') → ''*təul | | ''*təul aŋ'' ('the door opens') → ''*təul ilsaŋ'' ('they open the door') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ca-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ca-'' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | trans. | | style="text-align:center;" | trans. | ||
| ''*sauk ser'' ('the hawks become fewer') → ''*sauk | | ''*sauk ser'' ('the hawks become fewer') → ''*sauk acaser'' ('someone is making the hawks fewer') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ra-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ra-'' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | trans. | | style="text-align:center;" | trans. | ||
| ''*t-hī'' ('I breathe') → ''*ŋʷəi wast | | ''*t-hī'' ('I breathe') → ''*ŋʷəi wast irashī'' ('fish breathe water') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ce-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ce-'' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ditrans. | | style="text-align:center;" | ditrans. | ||
| ''*sauk it-misu'' ('I see a hawk') → ''*sauk | | ''*sauk it-misu'' ('I see a hawk') → ''*sauk tə̄ima icesmi'' ('they show me the hawk') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ma-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ma-'' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | intrans. | | style="text-align:center;" | intrans. | ||
| ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''* | | ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*manhur'' ('you get tall') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-me-'' | | style="text-align:center;" | ''*-me-'' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | trans. | | style="text-align:center;" | trans. | ||
| ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''* | | ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimehur'' ('you make it tall') | ||
|} | |} | ||