Th’uȟw’aas’oor: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor
|name = Th’uȟwaas’oor
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟw’ās’ōr X̱ātł
|nativename = ϴ’ūxȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜat͡ɬ]
|pronunciation = [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ]
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]
|creator = [[User:MacySinrich2|Macy Sinrich]]
|created = 2020
|created = 2020
|setting = Sirius
|setting = Sirius
|ethnicity = Pw’aach’a
|ethnicity = Pʷ’aach’a
|speakers = 4 thousand
|speakers = 4 thousand
|date = 7th sun
|date = 7th sun
|ancestor = Proto
|fam1=  [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]<br>
Old
|ancestor = Proto Th’uȟwaas’oor
Classical  
*Old Th’uȟwaas’oor
Modern  
*Classical Th’uȟwaas’oor
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsa)
|Modern  
Western (Mainland, Erpsxi)
|dialects = Northern (Kxaʀsi)
Western (Erpsxi)
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱ātł, [θ’uχw’aːs’or ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr [θ’uχʷ’aːs’or]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey
'''Th’uȟw’aas’oor''' (''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr X̱āƛ'', [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr ʜaːt͡ɬ] or ''ϴ’uȟʷ’ās’ōr'' [θ’uχʷ’aːs’oːr]) is the language of the Pw’aach’a, the indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Sirius. Th’uȟw’aas’oor is a constructed language created by Macy Sinrich, a 17 year old in Cherry Hill, New Jersey


==Writing System==
==Writing System==
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the three diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ) placed adjacent to certain letters.  
Th’uȟw’aas’oor uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˉ, ̠ ,ˇ,.) placed adjacent to certain letters.  
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejectives consonants,  (e.g. ƙʼ, čʼ). And Labialized consonants are marked with modifier letter small W (w)
An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants,  (e.g. , čʼ). And the modifier letter small W (ʷ) s used to mark labialized consonants (e.g. kʷ, xʷ).


===Alphabet===
===Alphabet===
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 39 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's sound:
Th’uȟw’aas’oor's writing system uses the Latin alphabet and consists of 35 letters. The following table gives their upper-case forms, along with the IPA values for each letter's sound:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin
Line 34: Line 35:
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ō ō
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|I i
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī
|-
|-
! text-align: center; "|IPA
! text-align: center; "|IPA
Line 44: Line 44:
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]
| style="text-align: center;"|[oː]
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]
| style="text-align: center;"|[i]
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]
|-
|-
|}
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ī ī
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|J j
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K k
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ƙ ƙ
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|L l
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|U u
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ū ū
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|P p
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f
|-
|-
! text-align: center; "|IPA  
! text-align: center; "|IPA  
| style="text-align: center;"|[iː]
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]
| style="text-align: center;"|[k’]
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]
| style="text-align: center;"|[l]
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]
| style="text-align: center;"|[uː]
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]
|}
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|F f
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Q q
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|G̱ g̱
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! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|T t
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|ϴ θ
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ś ś
|-
|-
! text-align: center; "|IPA values
! text-align: center; "|IPA
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]
| style="text-align: center;"|[q]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʡ]
Line 86: Line 83:
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[θ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɕ]
|}
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 855px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Latin
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Š š
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Č č
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ć ć
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|C c
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|K̯ k̯
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|H h
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ ḵ
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|X x
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|Ḵ k̠
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w
! scope="col" style="width: 95px; text-align: center; "|W w
|-
|-
! text-align: center; "|IPA
! text-align: center; "|IPA
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ɕ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]
| style="text-align: center;"|[c]
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]
| style="text-align: center;"|[h]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]
| style="text-align: center;"|[x]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ç]
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]
| style="text-align: center;"|[w]
|}
|}
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| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʜ]
|}
|}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 69 consonants and 10 vowels.  
Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a large phonemic inventory, with 75 consonants and 10 vowels. Th’uȟw’aas’oor has a complete series of ejectives accompanying its stop, fricative, and affricate consonants.
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan=2 | Palatal
! rowspan=2 | Palatal
! rowspan=2 | Alveolo-<br />palatal
! colspan="3" | Velar
! colspan="3" | Velar
! colspan=2 | Uvular
! colspan=2 | Uvular
! rowspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal
! colspan=2 | Pharyngeal/<br />Epiglottal
! rowspan=2 | Glottal
! rowspan=2 | Glottal
|- class=small
|- class=small
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! <small>lab.</small>
! <small>lab.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lab.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lab.</small>
! <small>lab.</small>
Line 161: Line 156:
|
|
|t
|t
|tʷ dʷ
|
|c
|
|
|k
|k
Line 170: Line 164:
|qʷ
|qʷ
|ʡʷ
|-
|-
Line 178: Line 173:
|tʼ
|tʼ
|tʷʼ
|tʷʼ
|cʼ
|
|
|kʼ
|kʼ
Line 186: Line 180:
|qʷʼ
|qʷʼ
|ʡʼ
|ʡʼ
|ʡʷʼ
|
|
|-
|-
Line 193: Line 188:
|
|
|t̪͡θ
|t̪͡θ
|ts
|t͡s
|
|
|t͡ʃ
|t͡ʃ
|t͡ɕ
|k͡x
|k͡x
|
|k͡xʷ
|
|
|q͡χ
|q͡χ
|q͡χʷ
|
|
|
|
Line 209: Line 204:
|
|
|t̪͡θʼ
|t̪͡θʼ
|tsʼ
|t͡sʼ
|
|
|t͡ʃʼ
|t͡ʃʼ
|t͡ɕʼ
|k͡xʼ
|k͡xʼ
|
|k͡xʷʼ
|
|
|q͡χʼ
|q͡χʼ
|q͡χʷʼ
|
|
|
|
Line 228: Line 223:
|s
|s
|
|
ç
|x
|x
|xʷ
|xʷ
Line 236: Line 230:
|χʷ
|χʷ
|ħʷ
|h
|h
|-
|-
Line 244: Line 239:
|sʼ
|sʼ
|
|
|ʃʼ
|ʃʼ çʼ
|ɕʼ
|xʼ
|xʼ
|xʷʼ
|xʷʼ
Line 251: Line 245:
|χʼ
|χʼ
|χʷʼ
|χʷʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
! colspan=2 | Approximant
|w
|
|
|
|
|l
|l
|
|
|
|j
|j
|
|
|
|w
|
|
|
|
Line 272: Line 267:
! rowspan=2 | Trill
! rowspan=2 | Trill
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
|
|
|
|
|
|r
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|ʜʷ
|
|
|-
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
! <small>ejective</small>
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|ʜ’
|
|
|
|
|
Line 309: Line 304:
|
|
|t͡ɬ
|t͡ɬ
|
|t͡ɬʷ
|
|
|
|
Line 325: Line 320:
|
|
|t͡ɬ’
|t͡ɬ’
|
|t͡ɬʷ’
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|ɬ’
|ɬ’
|
|ɬʷ’
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
|}
|}
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
===Phonological rules===
* t > t̪ / r_
* w > ʍ / _O
===Dialectical Variety===
===Dialectical Variety===
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Peninsular Th’uȟw’aas’oor, except for the southernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is palatalized and pronounced [j] and /u/ is labialized and pronounced like [w].  
In phonology, the most prominent distinguishing element of Northern Thʼuȟʷʼaasʼoor, except for the westernmost ones, is the Palatalization and Labialization of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The vowel, /i/ is pronounced [j] and /u/ is pronounced [w].
 
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Tskłta (life), and Ḥalq’cƙʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’eli/ (hard), and /ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)
Th’uȟw’aas’oor contains many "harmonic clusters" involving two consonants of a similar type (plain or ejective) which are pronounced with only a single release; e.g. the name of the western dialect of Erpsxi (of the sea’), Ckłta (life), and Ḥalq’ckʷ’a (water). Clusters in Th’uȟwaas’oor containing four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance, the words for /pθkt͡s’e.li/ (hard), and /'ostxrt͡sapʃq’a/ ("to behave”)


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:
A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions. There are 5 declensions which are distinguished by the genitive singular class of the noun. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence using inflections. Thus, the word order is:


# '''Nominative – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.
# '''Nominative''' – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative.
# '''Accusative — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.
# '''Accusative''' — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject.
# '''Dative – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.
# '''Dative''' – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence.
# '''Ablative – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.
# '''Ablative''' – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument.
# '''Genitive – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object
# '''Genitive''' – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object
# '''Vocative – used when the noun is used in a direct address.
# '''Vocative''' – used when the noun is used in a direct address.
# '''Locative- used when the noun indicates a location.  
# '''Locative'''- used when the noun indicates a location.  
# '''Instrumental — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.
# '''Instrumental''' — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|itself
|itself
|-
|-
!Epicene/Plural
!Epicene
|They
|they
|them
|them
|their
|their
|theirs
|theirs
|themself / themselves
|themself/ themselves
|}
|}
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.
In addition to the personal pronouns shown in the above table, it also has other pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table.
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|
|
|}
|}
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second.


===Tense===
===Verbs===
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem.
 
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long.
 
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):
There are three general tenses (present, imperfect, and future) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and imperative) as well as the infinitive, participle, and gerund forms. It also has three principle parts (first, second, and third). It also has two numbers (singular and plural), and two voices (active and passive):
# '''The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form.  
# The first principal part is the singular first-person, present active form.  
# '''The second principal part is the present active infinitive.
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive.
# '''The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative.  
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative.  


Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high
There are six "tenses". These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.
# '''Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child.  
# '''Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age
# '''High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder.  


===Literacy===
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations:
For a person to be considered litterate, they must translate and read this poem perfectly.


:Kū 7u čxʷū pu ȟuku kʷujłukʷ,
{| class="wikitable"
:ȟuc’ hi siwk’ ȟsu ƛu łūxʷ.
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural
:Pʷ’ūkʷi xʷtaksā sujc’ 7xʷū kʷūx ȟi,
|-
:xtu7 piw šīkʷī qak lapxʷa qi.
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person
:ƛaj hā ja 7ū qu kʷ’ū xc’iw kaj,
|-
:ƛūt lī šīsq cajčukʷ xīj taj.
! Present
:Ksaj kīƛiwč kx’u xuj k’ī q’iw,
| -ō|| -s || -t || -us || -tis || -t
:čū kʷ’aw ptujt’aw c’ī xlū čujc p’iw.  
|-
! Future
| -ō, -a || -is, -ēs || -it, -ēt || -ijus, -ējus || -itis, -ētis
| -ut, -et
|-
! Imperfect
| -a || -ās || -at || -ās || -ātis || -at
|-
! Perfect
| -ī || -istī || -it || -ijus || -istis || -ērut
|-
|}
===Word Order===
Th’uȟw’aas’oor is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific, low, medium, and high
# Low honorific is used by elder speakers to address a younger individual, especially of that of a child.  
# Medium honorific is used by individuals to denote someone of the same social status or age
# High honorific is frequently used by younger speakers to denote respect for an elder.


:Kʷ’uj ław čaw xʷūj kši 7aw ƛap cikʷ,
[[Category:Languages]]
:Łułqujp q’i hu kiw t’uha ȟiƛ łu płiqʷ.
[[Category:Conlangs]]
:7ī kʷ’i p’aw t’iwƛ kʷaj jā q’ī,
{{pri}}
:łi wā xʷław xʷajt p’ā  ƛ’ī kū p’ī.
:K’a pī c’ī sƛiw ki xʷ’cajk t’īḥtā p’aj,
:kʷ’a kawkʷ ƛu qaqā qiqiw 7ūȟ łit’aj.
:7xʷap’ȟas qū ƛ’u kʷ’ū q’iw,
:waj sp’uj k̯aj xʷā t’iw.
forumadmin, Administrators
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