57
edits
m (→Morphology: incomplete) |
m (→Allophony: very minor) |
||
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
! colspan="7" | Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects | ! colspan="7" | Phonemes or diaphonemes; biggest phonology of all dialects | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal | | Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nasal || m || n | | Nasal || m || n || || ŋ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lenis Stop || p || t | | Lenis Stop || p || t || || k || rowspan="2" | ʡ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fortis Stop || pʰ || tʰ | | Fortis Stop || pʰ || tʰ || || kʰ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lenis Fricative || ɸ || s | | Lenis Fricative || ɸ || s || || χ || rowspan="2" | ħ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fortis Fricative || β || z | | Fortis Fricative || β || z || || ʁ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lenis Affricate || || t̆s || t̆ʃ | | Lenis Affricate || || t̆s || t̆ʃ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fortis Affricate || || d̆z || d̆ʒ | | Fortis Affricate || || d̆z || d̆ʒ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Trill || || r | | Trill || || r || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Approximant || || l | | Approximant || || l || j || w || | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 83: | Line 83: | ||
! colspan="7" | Transcribers | ! colspan="7" | Transcribers | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal | | Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal || Radical | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Special Lenis Stop || b || d | | Special Lenis Stop || b || d || || g || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Special Fortis Stop || bʰ || dʰ | | Special Fortis Stop || bʰ || dʰ || || gʰ || | ||
|} | |} | ||
Basic dialectical variation | Basic dialectical variation | ||
Line 140: | Line 140: | ||
| Haishi Tun || æ || ʌ || e̞ || o || i || ʉ || ɑe || ao || äi || au || ʌi || ʌu || ei || ø || ɵi || ɵu | | Haishi Tun || æ || ʌ || e̞ || o || i || ʉ || ɑe || ao || äi || au || ʌi || ʌu || ei || ø || ɵi || ɵu | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Stress and intonation=== | === Stress and intonation === | ||
All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian. | All syllables are pronounced as the same length; there is no Lexical stress. This is similar to French and Georgian. | ||
Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed. | Though, when prosodic stress is involved, the first syllable of the prosodical word becomes extra stressed. | ||
==== Interrogatives ==== | |||
* The word for what, '''<>''', has a rising intonation /↗︎/, | * The word for what, '''<>''', has a rising intonation /↗︎/, | ||
** Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/ | ** Though, if it is the subject of a sentence, everything on from the verb has a falling intonation /↘︎/ | ||
* The words for yes and no, '''<>''', both have a falling intonation /↘︎/ | * The words for yes and no, '''<>''', both have a falling intonation /↘︎/ | ||
** Though, the final "or not", '''<>''', found in yes-no questions, has a rising intonation /↗︎/ | ** Though, the final "or not", '''<>''', found in yes-no questions, has a rising intonation /↗︎/ | ||
==== Determiners ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Prosodic stress for disambiguating sentences: | |||
|- | |||
| 1) | |||
| ''Everything'' > something | |||
| 2) | |||
| Everything > ''something'' | |||
|- | |||
| ∃y∀x P(x, y) | |||
| ''Ada'' > Anón | |||
| ∀x∃y P(x, y) | |||
| Ada > ''Anón'' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | For something, everything > it | |||
| colspan="2" | For everything, it > something | |||
|- | |||
| 1) | |||
| ''Every'' dog loves some toys | |||
| 2) | |||
| Every dog loves ''some'' toys | |||
|- | |||
| ∃y∈Toy∀x∈Dog Love(x, y) | |||
| ''ada'' DOG LOVE anón TOY | |||
| ∀x∈Dog∃y∈Toy Love(x, y) | |||
| ada DOG LOVE ''anón'' TOY | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | For something (Toy), everything (Dog) loves it | |||
| colspan="2" | For everything (Dog) , it loves something (Toy) | |||
|} | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
syllable structure is: (C)²V(V)(C)² | syllable structure is: (C)²V(V)(C)² | ||
Line 180: | Line 214: | ||
| Haishi Tun: | | Haishi Tun: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3" | | | colspan="3" | Palatal shifting | ||
* /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/ | * /ŋ, k, kʰ/ → [ɲ, c, cʰ] near /j, i, e/ | ||
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ] | ** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /ki/ → [ci], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ] | ||
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ] | ** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ik/ → [ic], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ] | ||
** /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã] | ** /kʰja/ → [cʰja], /kja/ → [cja], /ŋja/ → [ɲj̃ã] | ||
| colspan="2" | | * /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/ | ||
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/ | |||
| colspan="2" | Palatal shifting | |||
* /ŋ, k, g/ → [ɲ, c, ɟ] near /j, i, e/ | * /ŋ, k, g/ → [ɲ, c, ɟ] near /j, i, e/ | ||
** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ] | ** /kʰi/ → [cʰi], /gi/ → [ɟi], /ŋi/ → [ɲĩ] | ||
** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ] | ** /ikʰ/ → [icʰ], /ig/ → [iɟ], /iŋ/ → [ĩɲ] | ||
** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)] | ** /kʰj(V)/ → [cʰj(V)], /gj(V)/ → [ɟj(V)], /ŋj/ → [ɲj̃(Ṽ)] | ||
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/ | |||
* /l/→[ʎ] near /j, i, e/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Approximants | | Approximants | ||
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ | * /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ | ||
* /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/ | * /l/→[ʟ] near /w, u, o/ | ||
| Approximants | | Approximants | ||
* /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/ | * /r/→[ɻ] next to /ʂ, ʐ/ | ||
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/ | * /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/ | ||
| Approximants | | Approximants | ||
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ | * /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ | ||
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/ | * /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/ | ||
| Approximants | | Approximants | ||
* /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/ | * /w/ → [ẅ] near /i, e/ | ||
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/ | * /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ/ | ||
* /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/ | * /l/→[ɫ] near /w, u, o/ | ||
| Approximants | | Approximants | ||
* /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ | * /r/→[ɹ̠ʲ] next to /ʃ, ʒ, t̆ʃ, d̆ʒ/ | ||
* /l/→[ɔ] near /w, u, o/ | * /l/→[ɔ] near /w, u, o/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 223: | Line 253: | ||
** /oŋ/→[õɴ] | ** /oŋ/→[õɴ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan = "3" | Labials | | colspan="3" | Labials | ||
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/ | * /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, p, pʰ, ɸ, β/ | ||
** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi] | ** /ɸru/→[ɸrᵝuᵝ], but: /ɸruwi/→[ɸrᵝuᵝwi] | ||
Line 230: | Line 260: | ||
* Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant | * Syllable: /Approximant, Trill, Radical, Vowel/→ same voicing as closest consonant | ||
** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ] | ** /sr/→[sr̊], /zr/→[zr̬], /ɸru/→[ɸr̊ᵝůᵝ] | ||
| colspan = "2" | Labials | | colspan="2" | Labials | ||
* /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/ | * /C, V/→[Cᵝ, Vᵝ] near /m, b, pʰ/ | ||
** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi] | ** /bɹu/→[bɹᵝuᵝ], but: /bɹuwi/→[bɹᵝuᵝwi] | ||
Line 242: | Line 272: | ||
| colspan="5" | '''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!''' | | colspan="5" | '''Be careful, rounding is not bilabializing or labiodentalizing!''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
===Morphophonotactics=== | ===Morphophonotactics=== | ||
Line 252: | Line 283: | ||
! colspan="6" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi | ! colspan="6" | Consonant Orthography based on Standard Fruwi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal | | Manner -> <br> Place v || Labial || Coronal ||Palatal || Dorsal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nasal || m || n | | Nasal || m || n || || nh | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lenis Stop || b || d | | Lenis Stop || b || d || || g | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fortis Stop || p || t | | Fortis Stop || p || t || || k | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lenis Fricative || f || s | | Lenis Fricative || f || s || || x | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fortis Fricative || v || z | | Fortis Fricative || v || z || || q | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lenis Affricate || || c || ch | | Lenis Affricate || || c || ch || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fortis Affricate || || j || jh | | Fortis Affricate || || j || jh || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Trill || || r | | Trill || || r || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Approximant || || | | Approximant || || l || y || w | ||
|} | |} | ||
ch, jh, nh also have many ways of writing them: | ch, jh, nh also have many ways of writing them: | ||
Line 349: | Line 378: | ||
| Punctuation || 1,234,56789 || 01234;5;67890 | | Punctuation || 1,234,56789 || 01234;5;67890 | ||
|} | |} | ||
* Numbers are written very differently: 11,265,353.15464253 => 11,26535;3;15464,253 | * Numbers are written very differently: 11,265,353.15464253 => 11,26535;3;15464,253 | ||
==Morphology == | ==Morphology == | ||
=== Genders === | === Genders === | ||
Line 457: | Line 487: | ||
* kal kal mano: a group of group of people | * kal kal mano: a group of group of people | ||
they have a use to differinciate between the collective and distributive | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Distributive | |||
| rowspan="4" | vs. | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
| 1) You can buy each of these items for $5 <br> = ...BUY ALL OF THESE THINGS FOR... | |||
| 2) You can buy all of these items for $5 <br> = ...BUY THIS COL THING FOR... | |||
|- | |||
| 1) The three kids each have two ballons <br> = ...THE THREE KIDS ALL HAVE TWO.... | |||
| 1) The three kids have have two ballons <br> = ...THE THREE KIDS COL HAVE TWO... | |||
|- | |||
| Universal article is Distributive | |||
| use Collective (in Nouns) to turn into collective | |||
|} | |||
They may stack infinitely | |||
=== Nouns === | === Nouns === |
edits