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→The Negative, -NA
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The conjugations of -NA for the different classes are as follows: | The conjugations of -NA for the different classes are as follows: | ||
* Strong regular verbs append -ná to the end of the word. Weak regular verbs delete the final vowel and append -ná. | * Strong regular verbs append -ná to the end of the word. Weak regular verbs delete the final vowel and append -ná. | ||
*: lesó | *: lesó → lesoná | ||
*: enjí | *: enjí → enjiná | ||
*: sigú - | *: sigú → signá | ||
* -N, -S, -H, and -L conjugation verbs simply append -ná. | |||
*: ekán → ekanná | |||
*: rum → rumná | |||
*: way → wayná | |||
*: gix → gixná | |||
*: sarás → sarasná | |||
*: oxâ → oxāná | |||
*: xō → xōná | |||
* -sa conjugation verbs delete the final vowel and append ná. Note that if the consonant before the final vowel is <x>, then ná will be pronounced as [ɲa]. | * -sa conjugation verbs delete the final vowel and append ná. Note that if the consonant before the final vowel is <x>, then ná will be pronounced as [ɲa]. | ||
*: myusá | *: myusá → myusná [mjusˈna] | ||
*: exí | *: exí → exná [ɛɕˈɲa] | ||
* -fa conjugation verbs delete the final -fV, apply W-Ablaut to the remaining stem, and append ná. | |||
*: safá → saw-ná → soná | |||
* -ra conjugation verbs delete the final -rV, and append xná. | |||
*: kurú → kuxná | |||
* -T conjugation verbs remove the final consonant, or change final long ē to short e. Then, they apply W-Ablaut, and finally append ná. | |||
*: enák → enaw-ná → enoná | |||
*: hē → hyō-ná → hyōná | |||
* -aw irregular verbs change delete the final aw and append -oná. If they end in ō, instead simply append ná. | |||
*: aw → oná | |||
*: law → loná | |||
*: mō → mōná | |||
See the summary in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Negative -NA inflections by verb class | |||
|- | |||
! colspan =2 | Class !! Stem !! Negative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Regular !! Strong | |||
| lesó || lesoná | |||
|- | |||
! Weak | |||
| sigú || signá | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 -| -sa | |||
| exí || exná | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | -fa | |||
| safá || soná | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | -ra | |||
| kurú || kuxná | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | -N | |||
| ekán || ekanná | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | -S | |||
| gix || gixná | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | -T | |||
| enák || enoná | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | -H | |||
| oxâ || oxāná | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | -L | |||
| ojô || ojōná | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | -aw !! -aw | |||
|law || loná | |||
|- | |||
! -ō | |||
| mō || mōná | |||
|} | |||
====The Causative, -BI==== | ====The Causative, -BI==== | ||