Nurian: Difference between revisions

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Nurian (view source)

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains 42 consonants and 12 vowels.
===Accent 1===
The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
A notable feature of Nurian phonology is phonemic palatalization, similar to Lithuanian and Russian. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
A notable feature of Nurian phonology is phonemic palatalization, similar to Lithuanian and Russian. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
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[ɹ] occurs in the hiatus after r-colored vowels before another vowel.
====Vowels====
 
====Palatalization====
Word-final soft consonants use a soft sign '''ь'''.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Palatalization'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/||/x/||/ɣ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/||/ʃ/||/ʒ/
|}
 
'''r''' = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally
 
===Vowels===
Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels.
Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
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**[ɝ] in posttonic positions
**[ɝ] in posttonic positions
*[ə] occurs as an epenthetic vowel after word-final geminates except before another vowel.
*[ə] occurs as an epenthetic vowel after word-final geminates except before another vowel.
===Accent 2===
Polishy
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
*sci = [ʂtʂ]
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
*ni ngi > [ɲ]
*li > [ʎ]
*θˠ ðˠ > fˠ vˠ
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian [Standard A]'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| mˠ || mʲ
| n̪ˠ ||
| || nʲ
|
| ɲ~ɲ̄
| ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pˠ || pʲ
| t̪ˠ ||
| || tʲ
| t
| k
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bˠ || bʲ
| d̪ˠ ||
| || dʲ
| dʒ
| ɡ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fˠ || fʲ
| θˠ || θ
| sˠ || sʲ
| ʃ
| x
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vˠ || vʲ
| ðˠ || ð
| zˠ || zʲ
| ʒ
| ɣ
| ʕ
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| ||
| rˠ || rʲ
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| ||
| ||
| ||
| j
|
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ɫ ||
| || lʲ
| 
|
|
|
|}
===Accent 3===
Conservative
*ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ]
*sci = [skʲ]
===Accent 4===
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque)
*Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
*''o'' and ''ō'' are centralized
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
*Non-rhotic
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschērian Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Postvelar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| mˁ || m
| nˁ ||
| || n
| ɲ
| ŋ̠
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pˁ || p
| tˁ ||
| || t
| tʃ
| k̠
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bˁ || b
| dˁ ||
| || d
| dʒ
| ɡ&#772;
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fˁ || f
|  || θ
| sˁ || s
| ʃ
| x~χ
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vˁ ||
| || ð
| zˁ || z
| ʒ
| ɣ~ʁ
| ʕ
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| ||
| rˁ || r
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| || w
| ||
| ||
| j
|
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| l̪ˁ ||
| || l
| 
|
|
|
|}
====Vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Standard Nurian'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
|
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|
| /ə/
| /ɵː/
| [ɤ]
| [oː]
|-
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
| /a/
| /aː/
| [ɑ]
| [ɑː]
|}
===Dialect 4===
Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib
====Palatalization====
Word-final soft consonants use a soft sign '''ь'''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Palatalization'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/||/x/||/ɣ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/||/ʃ/||/ʒ/
|}
'''r''' = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally


===Stress===
===Stress===
IlL
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