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Norþimris: Difference between revisions
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''a b c d ð e f g h i l m n o p r s t þ u w x y z'' | ''a b c d ð e f g h i l m n o p r s t þ u w x y z'' | ||
The letters ''j, k, q'' and ''v'' do not occur, except in unassimilated borrowings. | The letters ''j, k, q'' and ''v'' do not occur, except in unassimilated borrowings. The letters ''ð'' (called ''eð'') and ''þ'' (''þorn'') are retained from the runic alphabet. | ||
The orthography is almost entirely phonemic, except notably in the case of ''s'', the pronunciation of which is not always predictable in final position. The following table gives all the relevant values of the letters and digraphs. | The orthography is almost entirely phonemic, except notably in the case of ''s'', the pronunciation of which is not always predictable in final position. The following table gives all the relevant values of the letters and digraphs. | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''au'' | | rowspan="2" | ''au'' | ||
| /oː/ | | /oː/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | | ||
|- | |||
| /a/ | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | before word-final ''h'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''b'' | | ''b'' | ||
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| ''d'' | | ''d'' | ||
| /d/ | | /d/ | ||
| | | style="text-align:left;" | word-final ''nd'' tends to become /nt/ or /nː/ (e.g. ''Ingland'' /ɪŋlənː/) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ð'' | | ''ð'' | ||
| /ð/ | | /ð/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''e'' | | ''e'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | ''ea'' | | rowspan="2" | ''ea'' | ||
| / | | /eə/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ja/ | | /ja/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | often word initially or after initial /h/ | | style="text-align:left;" | often word initially or after initial /h/ (e.g. ''ean'' 'one' /jan/, ''heam'' /hjam/) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ee'' | | ''ee'' | ||
| / | | /iə/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ei'' | | ''ei'' | ||
| /ij/ | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| ''eu'' | |||
| /iə/ | | /iə/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | /ɪu̯/ in areas bordering Scotland | | style="text-align:left;" | /ɪu̯/ in areas bordering Scotland | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=" | | rowspan="2" | ''h'' | ||
| /h/ | | /h/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | initially | | style="text-align:left;" | initially | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /f/ | | /f/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | finally following ''u'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''i'' | | ''i'' | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ie'' | |||
| /ɪ/ | | /ɪ/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | word-finally in unstressed syllables, notably the endings ''-ie, -lie'' (e.g. ''nouhtie'' 'poor'). | | style="text-align:left;" | word-finally in unstressed syllables, notably the endings ''-ie, -lie'' (e.g. ''nouhtie'' 'poor'). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''iy'' | | ''iy'' | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ou'' | | rowspan="2" | ''ou'' | ||
| /ɔu̯/ | | /ɔu̯/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| /ʊ/ | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | before word-final ''h'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''p'' | | ''p'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ''sc'' | | ''sc'' | ||
| / | | /sk/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''sch'' | ||
| / | | /ʃ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ss'' | | ''ss'' | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''u'' | | rowspan="2" | ''u'' | ||
| /ʊ/ | | /ʊ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| /ə/ | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | in final, unstressed syllables | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''uu'' | | ''uu'' | ||
| / | | /ʊw/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ''z'' | | ''z'' | ||
| /t͡s/ | | /t͡s/ | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | used mostly in borrowed words | | style="text-align:left;" | rare, used mostly in borrowed words | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
* the | * the pronunciation of <''s''> is not always predictable from its environment. In this article, voiceless /s/ will be written <''ṡ''> where confusion may arise (e.g. ''huyṡ'' 'house', ''riyṡ'' 'rice'). | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||