Norþimris: Difference between revisions

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Norþimris (view source)

Revision as of 10:50, 22 November 2016

275 bytes added ,  22 November 2016
→‎Verbs
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'''''Present Tense'''''
'''''Present Tense'''''


All regular verbs follow the same pattern in the present tense, given below with ''leof'' 'love':
All regular verbs follow the same pattern in the present tense, given below with ''leuf'' 'love':


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''leof''
| ''leuf''
| rowspan="3" | ''leof''
| rowspan="3" | ''leuf''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| rowspan="2" | ''leofs''
| rowspan="2" | ''leufs''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
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'''''Past Tense'''''
'''''Past Tense'''''


In the past tense, regular verbs may be divided into strong and weak conjugations, the former conjugating by a vowel change, the latter by the addition of a suffix. There are no distinctions of person in the past tense.  
In the past tense, regular verbs may be divided into '''strong''' and '''weak''' conjugations, the former conjugating by a vowel change, the latter by the addition of a suffix. There are no distinctions of person in the past tense.  


Following the typical Germanic classification, there are 7 classes of strong verb, each with different changes in the past tense and the past participle:
Following the typical Germanic classification, there are 7 classes of strong verb, each with different changes in the past tense and the past participle:
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|-
|-
| 2
| 2
| ''beed''
| ''beid''
| ''bead''
| ''bead''
| ''boden''
| ''boden''
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|-
|-
| 4
| 4
| ''beir''
| ''beer''
| ''bar''
| ''bar''
| ''boren''
| ''boren''
|-
|-
| 5
| 5
| ''eit''
| ''eet''
| ''eat''
| ''eat''
| ''eten''
| ''eten''
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| 6
| 6
| ''fear''
| ''fear''
| ''feor''
| ''feur''
| ''faren''
| ''faren''
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | 7
| rowspan="3" | 7
| ''mau''
| ''nau''
| ''miw''
| ''niw''
| ''maun''
| ''naun''
|-
|-
| ''grou''
| ''grou''
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Weak verbs form their past tense with a dental suffix, the form of which depends on the stem:
Weak verbs form their past tense with a dental suffix, the form of which depends on the stem:
* stems ending in ''-l, -m, -n, -nd'' or a voiceless consonant take ''-t'' (e.g. ''smelt'' 'smelled', ''fiyct'' 'fidgetted', ''lamt'' 'beat');
* stems ending in ''-l, -m, -n, -nd'' or a voiceless consonant take ''-t'' (e.g. ''smelt'' 'smelled', ''fiyct'' 'fidgetted', ''lamt'' 'beat');
* stems ending in ''-d'' or ''-t'' take ''-it'' (e.g. ''liltit'' 'hummed', ''bratit'' 'curdled'', ''breidit'' 'stretched');
* stems ending in ''-d'' or ''-t'' take ''-it'' (e.g. ''liltit'' 'hummed', ''bratit'' 'curdled'', ''breedit'' 'stretched');
* other stems take ''-d'' (e.g. ''bleðerd'' 'talked loudly', ''ligd'' 'lay', ''hiysd'' 'hoisted').
* other stems take ''-d'' (e.g. ''bleðerd'' 'talked loudly', ''ligd'' 'lay', ''hiysd'' 'hoisted').


A number of verbs in <''ee''> may undergo shortening in the past (e.g. ''bleed'' → ''bledd'', ''meet'' → ''mett'', ''sleep'' → ''slept/sleept''). A number of other verbs have a past tense ending in ''-ht'' (e.g. ''seec'' → ''souht'', ''wurc'' → ''wrouht'', ''lach'' 'catch' → ''lauht'').  
A number of verbs in <''ei''> may undergo shortening in the past. Those in ''eid, eit'' take an additional ''-d'' or ''-t'' (e.g. ''bleid'' → ''bledd'', ''meit'' → ''mett'', ''sleip'' → ''slept/sleept''). The following weak verbs are irregular in the past: ''teech'' 'show, explain' → ''taut'', ''seic'' 'seek' → ''sout'', ''þenc'' 'think' → ''þout'', ''wurc'' 'work' → ''wrout'', ''reec'' 'reach' → ''rout'', ''lach'' 'catch' → ''laut'', ''rec'' 'pay attention to' → ''rout'', ''dou'' 'be of use' → ''dout'', ''reic'' 'smell' → 'reyt''.  


'''''Imperative'''''
'''''Imperative'''''


The imperative of regular verbs is identical to the stem (e.g. ''leof mi'' 'love me', ''eit ðiy meit'' 'eat your food').  
The imperative of regular verbs is identical to the stem (e.g. ''leuf mi'' 'love me', ''eet ðiy meet'' 'eat your food').  


'''''Participles'''''
'''''Participles'''''


The '''present participle''' of all verbs is formed with ''-and'' (e.g. ''leofand'' 'loving', ''singand'' 'singing').  
The '''present participle''' of all verbs is formed with ''-and'' (e.g. ''leufand'' 'loving', ''singand'' 'singing').  


The '''past participle''' of most weak verbs is identical to the past tense form (e.g. ''leofd'' 'loved', ''ligd'' 'layed'). The strong verbs form a past participle with ''-(e)n'' and a change of vowel, as shown in the table above but a number of weak verbs ending in ''-d, -t'' also form their past participle in ''-en'' (e.g. ''breiden'' 'stretched', ''leaden'' 'loaded').
The '''past participle''' of most weak verbs is identical to the past tense form (e.g. ''leufd'' 'loved', ''ligd'' 'laid'). The strong verbs form a past participle with ''-(e)n'' and a change of vowel, as shown in the table above but a number of weak verbs ending in ''-d, -t'' also form their past participle in ''-en'' (e.g. ''breeden'' 'stretched', ''leaden'' 'loaded').


====Irregular Verbs====
====Irregular Verbs====
A number of irregular verbs occur in Norþimris, the most important of which is ''bie'' 'be':
A number of irregular verbs occur in Norþimris, the most important of which is ''bei'' 'be':


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| ''is, 's''
| ''is, 's''
| ''ar, 'r''
| ''ar, 'r''
| ''bieand''
| ''beiand''
|-
|-
! Past
! Past
| colspan="2" | ''wer''
| colspan="2" | ''wer''
| ''bien''
| ''bein''
|-
|-
! Imperative
! Imperative
| colspan="2" | ''bie''
| colspan="2" | ''bei''
|
|
|}
|}
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|-
|-
| do
| do
| ''deo''
| ''deu''
| ''didd''
| ''didd''
| ''deond''
| ''deund''
| ''deon''
| ''deun''
|-
|-
| have
| have
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|-
|-
| give
| give
| ''gie''
| ''gei''
| ''gaf''
| ''gaf''
| ''giend''
| ''geind''
| ''gien''
| ''gein''
|-
|-
| make
| make
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|-
|-
! Present Continuous
! Present Continuous
| present of ''bie'' + present participle
| present of ''bei'' + present participle
| ''i 's singand''
| ''i 's singand''
| I am singing
| I am singing
|-
|-
! Past Continuous
! Past Continuous
| past of ''bie'' + present participle
| past of ''bei'' + present participle
| ''i wer singand''
| ''i wer singand''
| I was singing
| I was singing
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| I have sung
| I have sung
|-
|-
| present of ''bie'' + past participle
| present of ''bei'' + past participle
| ''i 's faun''  
| ''i 's faun''  
| I have fallen
| I have fallen
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| I had sung
| I had sung
|-
|-
| past of ''bie'' + past participle
| past of ''bei'' + past participle
| ''i wer faun''
| ''i wer faun''
| I had fallen
| I had fallen
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|}
|}


In the perfect and pluperfect, ''bie'' is used with unaccusative verbs, i.e. verbs in which the subject is not the agent but the patient of the verb (e.g.'' 't snea 's mouten'' 'the snow has melted').
In the perfect and pluperfect, ''bei'' is used with unaccusative verbs, i.e. verbs in which the subject is not the agent but the patient of the verb (e.g.'' 't snea 's mouten'' 'the snow has melted').


===Derivation===
===Derivation===
Psammead
837

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