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<!-- {{Ris sidebar}} --> | <!-- {{Ris sidebar}} --> | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; |Glossing abbreviations used on this page | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px; "|Abbreviation | |||
! style="width: 250px; "|Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
|first person | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|second person | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|third person | |||
|- | |||
|~ | |||
|reduplication (preceded by its significance) | |||
|- | |||
| - | |||
|morpheme separator | |||
|- | |||
|. | |||
|grammatical function separator | |||
|- | |||
|ADF | |||
|adjective or adverb | |||
|- | |||
|PAT | |||
|patientive | |||
|- | |||
|AGT | |||
|agentive | |||
|- | |||
|INV.PAT | |||
|inverse patientive ~ agentive | |||
|- | |||
|INV.AGT | |||
|inverse agentive ~ patientive | |||
|- | |||
|SG | |||
|singulative ~ singular | |||
|- | |||
|PL | |||
|plurative ~ plural | |||
|- | |||
|DC | |||
|dual-collective | |||
|- | |||
|ACT | |||
|active voice | |||
|- | |||
|IND | |||
|indicative | |||
|- | |||
|IMP | |||
|imperative | |||
|- | |||
|PRFV | |||
|perfective | |||
|- | |||
|IPVF | |||
|imperfective | |||
|- | |||
|ITR | |||
|iterative | |||
|- | |||
|I | |||
|marked collective, animate | |||
|- | |||
|II | |||
|marked collective, inanimate | |||
|- | |||
|III | |||
|unmarked collective, animate | |||
|- | |||
|IV | |||
|unmarked collective inanimate | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases== | ==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases== | ||
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] | [[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] | ||
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|phrase = Ānkouro. | |phrase = Ānkouro. | ||
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/ | |IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/ | ||
|morphemes = ānkour-{{blue|o}} | |morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{blue|o}} | ||
|gloss = to trip.ACT | |gloss = to trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = I fell. | |translation = I fell. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Mīthrani hentai inistin. | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ˈmɪːθranɪ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/ | ||
|morphemes = | |morphemes = mīthra-{{blue|ni}} in-ist-{{blue|in}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC okay.ADF.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC | ||
|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist. | |translation = Okay squirrel soups exist. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/ | |IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/ | ||
| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue|∅}} | | morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue|∅}} | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = hit.ACT-IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
| translation = Hit the bird. | | translation = Hit the bird. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho... | |phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho... | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈtɛskʰɔ/ | ||
|morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-{{blue|o}} | |morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-∅-{{blue|o}} | ||
|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | |gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window... | |translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window... | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/ | |IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/ | ||
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}} | |morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG | |gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG writeACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|translation = I am writing a letter. | |translation = I am writing a letter. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/ | |IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/ | ||
|morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}} | |morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}} | ||
|gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG | |gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG IND.ITR~run.ACT-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG | ||
|translation = He is running around. | |translation = He is running around. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/ | |IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/ | ||
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}} | | morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}} | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG | ||
| translation = I purposely trip...! | | translation = I purposely trip...! | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina. | |phrase = Ekrasi mākhina. | ||
|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/ | |IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/ | ||
|morphemes = ekras-{{blue|i}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}} | |morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|i}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = crash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG | ||
|translation = The car crashed. | |translation = The car crashed. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/ | |IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/ | ||
|morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}} | |morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}} | ||
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG | |gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG | ||
|translation = Mother cries. | |translation = Mother cries. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase = Ngaos. | |phrase = Ngaos. | ||
|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/ | |IPA = /ŋgaˈos/ | ||
|morphemes = nga-{{red|os}} | |morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = sleep.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = I am trying to sleep. | |translation = I am trying to sleep. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase = He gāmi! | |phrase = He gāmi! | ||
|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/ | |IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/ | ||
|morphemes = he gām-{{blue|i}} | |morphemes = he gām-∅-{{blue|i}} | ||
|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3.SG | |gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3.SG | ||
|translation = He's coming! | |translation = He's coming! | ||
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|IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/ | |IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/ | ||
|morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red|os}} | |morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red|os}} | ||
|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC | |gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC talk.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{red|INV.AGT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = I sleep-talk in the night. | |translation = I sleep-talk in the night. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase = Ti rhās? | |phrase = Ti rhās? | ||
|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/ | |IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/ | ||
|morphemes = ti rha-{{red|as}} | |morphemes = ti rha-∅-{{red|as}} | ||
|gloss = what.PAT.SG | |gloss = what.PAT.SG talk.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|INV.AGT}}.2.SG | ||
|translation = What are you trying to say? | |translation = What are you trying to say? | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas! | |phrase = Kinizas, kinizas! | ||
|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/ | |IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/ | ||
|morphemes = kiniz-{{red|as}} | |morphemes = kiniz-∅-{{red|as}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = drive.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|INV.AGT}}.2.SG | ||
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | |translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Other== |