Twench

Twench (Native: Poewleis /puvˈlɛɪs/) is a Gallo-Romance language.

Twench
Poewleise veul
Pronunciation	[puvˈlɛɪsə føːl]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Romance Western Romance Gallo-Romance Twench

Introduction

Etymology

The endonym Poewleis is derived from poewel (< Latin populus), meaning "common folk".

The English name Twench is ultimately derived from Tuihanti, a Germanic tribe.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants spelling IPA Remarks normally final b /b/ /p/ ch /x/ d /d/ /t/ f /f/ g /ɡ/ /k/ gh /ɣ/ /x/ May instead be pronounced /ʝ/ or /x/ depending on dialect. h /ɦ/ — May be pronounced /h/ depending on dialect. j /j/ — k /k/ Written ⟨ck⟩ when doubled. l /l/ Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants. m /m/ n /n/ Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant. ng /ŋ/ p /p/ q /k/ In loanwords qu /kv/ — In loanwords r /r/ s /s/ sj /ʃ/ In loanwords t /t/ th /t/ — Mostly in loanwords, or dialectal for /θ/. v /f/ — w /v/ /f/ x /ks/ In loanwords z /z/ — zj /ʒ/ — In loanwords

Vowels and diphthongs spelling IPA checked free a /ɑ/ /a(ː)/ aa /a(ː)/ — aai /aːi̯/ ai /ɑi̯/ au /ɔu̯/ e /ɛ/, /ə/ /e(ː)/, /ə/ ee /e(ː)/ eeu /eːu̯/ ei /ɛi̯/ eu /ø(ː)/ i, y /ɪ/, /ə/ /i(ː)/ ie /i(ː)/ ieu /iu̯/ ij /i(ː)/ o /ɔ/ /o(ː)/ oe /u(ː)/ oei /ui̯/ oi /ɔi̯/ oo /o(ː)/ — ooi /oːi̯/ ou /u(ː)/ u /ʏ/ /y(ː)/ ui /œy̯/ uu /y(ː)/ —

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA A a a [aː] B b be [beː] C c ce [seː] D d de [deː] E e e [eː] F f ef [ɛf] G g ge [ɡeː] H h ha [ɦaː] I i i [iː]

Letter Name IPA J j je [jeː] K k ka [kʰaː] L l el [ɛɫ] M m em [ɛm] N n en [ɛn] O o o [oː] P p pe [pʰeː] Q q ku [kʰyː] R r er [ɛɾ]

Letter Name IPA S s es [ɛs] T t te [tʰeː] U u u [yː] V v ve [feː] W w we [veː] X x iks [ɪks] Y y Griekeise i [gɾiːˈkʰɛɪsə iː] (IJ ij) longe i [ˈlɔŋə iː] Z z zet [zɛtʰ]

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

• Definite article: le (singular), les (plural)
• Indefinite article: un (singular)

Pronouns

Person/ Number	Subject		Object		Possessive
	Full	Reduced	Full	Reduced	Full	Reduced	Pronoun
1S	jou	je	mei	me	mij(n)	me(n)	miene
2S	woes	wes	wous	wes	woester	wes	woestere
2S (arch.)	tu	te	tei	te	tij(n)	te(n)	tiene
3SM	el	el	lui	le	zij(n)	ze(n)	ziene
3SF	elle	el	lei	le
3SN	lou	le	lou	et
1P	noes; noezeuts	nes	noes; noezeuts	nes	noester	nes	noestere
2P	woezeuts	wes	woezeuts	wes	woester	wes	woestere
3P	els; elzeuts	els	els; elzeuts	els	lour	ler	loure
2S/P (pol.)	os	es	os	es	os	es	osse
3R	—	—	zei	ze	—	—	—

Numerals

Twench numerals

	Cardinal	Ordinal	Fractional
0	nul	nulliesem	—
1	uun	primeer, prijm	—
2	dous	zekond	demei
3	treis	tiers	tiers
4	kwatter	kwaart	kwaart
5	sink	kint	kint
6	zechs	zechsem	zechsem
7	zet	zettem	zettem
8	ocht	ochtem	ochtem
9	noew	noewem	noewem
10	dies	diesem	diesem
11	onze	onzem	onzem
12	dozze	dozzem	dozzem
13	trezze	trezzem	trezzem
14	kwattorze	kwattorzem	kwattorzem
15	kinze	kinzem	kinzem
16	zezze	zezzem	zezzem
17	zetdies	zetdiesem	zetdiesem
20	wijnt	wijntiesem	wijntiesem
21	uun-et-wijnt	uun-et-wijntiesem	uun-et-wijntiesem
30	treint	treintiesem	treintiesem
40	kwaraant	kwaraantiesem	kwaraantiesem
50	sinkaant	sinkaantiesem	sinkaantiesem
60	zechsaant	zechsaantiesem	zechsaantiesem
70	zettaant	zettaantiesem	zettaantiesem
80	ochtaant	ochtaantiesem	ochtaantiesem
90	noewaant	noewaaantiesem	noewaaantiesem
100	seint	seintiesem	seintiesem
1000	mil	milliesem	milliesem
10⁶	miljoun	miljouniesem	miljouniesem

Verbs

Principal parts

For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from four principal parts: the infinitive, 1S present, 1S past, and past participle.

These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.

Verb classes

Verbs may be regular or irregular.

In regular verbs, the present stem, past stem, and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive.

There are 3 classes of regular verbs.

Weak verbs

Class	Infinitive ending	1S present ending	1S past ending	Past participle
1	-aar	-	-aai	-aat
2a (infix)	-ijr	-is	-ij	-ijt
2b (no infix)	-ijr	-	-ij	-ijt
3	-er	-	-ui	-(e)t

• The schwa in -(e)t is inserted after -t-, -d-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.

Irregular verbs form one or more of the stems irregularly.

• Present stem: When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion.
• Past stem: This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
• Past participle: This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard -t ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.

Personal endings

Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final -i if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in -i, the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.

Personal endings

Person/number	Ending
1S	-(i)
2S	-(e)s
3S	-(e)t
1P	-(e)ns
2P	-(e)ts
3P	-(e)n

Note:

¹ Schwa -(e)- may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels.

• In -(e)s: Schwa is kept after -s-, -z-, -sj-, -zj-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.
• In -(e)t: Schwa is kept after -t-, -d-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.
• In -(e)n, -(e)ns, and -(e)ts: Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.

Conversely, -i in the first person only appears after vowels.

Examples of verbs

Class 1 regular - kantaar "to sing"

Conjugation of kantaar "to sing"

Infinitive			kantaar
Present participle			kantaant
Past participle			kantaat
	Present		Past		Imperative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive
jou	kant	kante	kantaai	kantase
tu	kants	kantes	kantaas	kantases	kant
el/elle/lou	kantet	kantet	kantaat	kantaset
noes/noezeuts	kantens	kantens	kantaans	kantasens
woes/woezeuts/os	kantets	kantets	kantaats	kantasets	kantets
els/elzeuts	kanten	kanten	kantaan	kantasen

Class 2a regular - perijr "to perish"

Conjugation of perijr "to perish"

Infinitive			perijr
Present participle			perissent
Past participle			perijt
	Present		Past		Imperative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive
jou	peris	perisse	perij	perise
tu	perisses	perisses	perijs	perises	peris
el/elle/lou	perist	perisset	perijt	periset
noes/noezeuts	perissens	perissens	perijns	perisens
woes/woezeuts/os	perissets	perissets	perijts	perisets	perissets
els/elzeuts	perissen	perissen	perijn	perisen

Class 2b regular - doermijr "to sleep"

Conjugation of doermijr "to sleep"

Infinitive			doermijr
Present participle			doerment
Past participle			doermijt
	Present		Past		Imperative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive
jou	doerm	doerme	doermij	doermise
tu	doerms	doermes	doermijs	doermises	doerm
el/elle/lou	doermt	doermet	doermijt	doermiset
noes/noezeuts	doermens	doermens	doermijns	doermisens
woes/woezeuts/os	doermets	doermets	doermijts	doermisets	doermets
els/elzeuts	doermen	doermen	doermijn	doermisen

Class 3 regular - weinder "to sell"

Conjugation of weinder "to sell"

Infinitive			weinder
Present participle			weindent
Past participle			weindet
	Present		Past		Imperative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive
jou	weind	weinde	weindui	weinduse
tu	weinds	weindes	weinduus	weinduses	weind
el/elle/lou	weindt	weindet	weinduust	weinduset
noes/noezeuts	weindens	weindens	weinduuns	weindusens
woes/woezeuts/os	weindets	weindets	weinduuts	weindusets	weindets
els/elzeuts	weinden	weinden	weinduun	weindusen

Irregular - dijr "to say"

Conjugation of dijr "to say"

Infinitive			dijr
Present participle			disent
Past participle			dit
	Present		Past		Imperative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive
jou	dijs	dise	disui	disuse
tu	dises	dises	disuus	disuses	dij
el/elle/lou	dijst	diset	disuust	disuset
noes/noezeuts	disens	disens	disuuns	disusens
woes/woezeuts/os	disets	disets	disuuts	disusets	disets
els/elzeuts	disen	disen	disuun	disusen

Irregular - ester "to be"

Conjugation of ester "to be"

Infinitive			ester
Present participle			estent
Past participle			estet
	Present		Past		Imperative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive
jou	zui	zeie	fui	fuse
tu	es	zeies	fuus	fuses	zei
el/elle/lou	est	zeiet	fuut	fuset
noes/noezeuts	zons	zeiens	fuuns	fusens
woes/woezeuts/os	ests	zeiets	fuuts	fusets	zeits
els/elzeuts	zon	zeien	fuun	fusen

Irregular: hawer "to have"

Conjugation of hawer "to have"

Infinitive			hawer
Present participle			hawent
Past participle			haawt
	Present		Past		Imperative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Indicative	Subjunctive
jou	haai	hawe	hawui	hawuse
tu	haas	hawes	hawuus	hawuses	haaw
el/elle/lou	haat	hawet	hawuut	hawuset
noes/noezeuts	hawens	hawens	hawuuns	hawusens
woes/woezeuts/os	hawets	hawets	hawuuts	hawusets	hawets
els/elzeuts	hawen	hawen	hawuun	hawusen

Vocabulary

Time - Tiens

Seasons - Seisouns

English	Twench
spring	prijntiens
summer	estaat
fall	kollecht
winter	iwiern

Gregorian months - Gregorianeise meises

English	Twench
January	janweir
February	fewreir
March	mars
April	awrijl
May	maai
June	juin
July	juil
August	awost
September	zettember
October	ochtober
November	noewember
December	diesember

Days of the week - Joorns de le semaan

English	Twench
Sunday	diemenk
Monday	luundij
Tuesday	marsdij
Wednesday	mierkedij
Thursday	joesdij
Friday	wienersij
Saturday	zamdij

Parts of the day - Paarts de le joorn

English	Twench
day	joorn
dawn	alb
morning	mattijn
noon	middij
afternoon	apresmiddij
evening	seir
dusk	wesper
night	nocht
midnight	midnocht

Units of time - Unitaats de tiens

English	Twench
second	zekond
minute	minuut
hour	our
day	joorn
week	semmaan
month	meis
season	seisoun
year	an

Time adverbs - Adverbs de tiens

English	Twench
now	ghoor
then	loors
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly	alzij
later
always	zempers
often	zowent
sometimes
rarely
never	jameis
ever
still, yet	ankoor
already
today	ooi
tonight
yesterday	ɡheer
last night
tomorrow	demaan
before yesterday
two nights ago
after tomorrow
this week
last week
next week

Colours - Les klours

Colours - Les klours

English	Twench
white	blank(e)
grey	grijs, grize
black	negher(e)
red	roei(e); ros(se)
orange	oranje
brown	bruun, brune
yellow	galen(e)
green	weerd(e)
blue	blaaw, blawe
pink	roze
purple	porper(e)
golden	deuraat, deurate

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toots humaan esters nassen liwer et ekwaal en deintaat et drechts. Els zon dotaat de reisoun et konsense, et els dewen aghijr les uuns woek les alters en un spirit de fraartaat.

IPA: /tots ɦyˈman ˈɛstərs ˈnɑsən ˈlivər ət eˈkval ən dɛɪnˈtat ət drɛxts ‖ ɛls zɔn doˈtat də rɛɪˈsun ət kɔnˈsɛnsə | ət ɛls ˈdevən aˈɣiːr ləs yns vuk ləs ˈɑltərs ən ʏn ˈspirɪt də fraːrˈtat/

Translation: All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act to one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Other resources

Swadesh list