Qasunattuuji: Difference between revisions

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[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ]. <br>
[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ]. <br>
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br>
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br>
[t] and [b] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively between vowels (assibilation). <br>
[t] and [b] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively, between vowels (assibilation). <br>
[k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n] <br>
[k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n] <br>
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them.
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them.

Revision as of 16:02, 12 May 2024

Qasunattuuji
Qasunattuuji
Pronunciation[qasunatˈtuːʐi]
Created byGJS
Date2023 - present
SettingAlt-history North America
Native toTuujiyumix Ilihuu
Indo-European
  • Qasunattuuji
Official status
Official language in
Tuujiyumix Ilihuu
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Qasunattuuji is an Indo European language (classification pending feedback) spoken in the country of Tuujiyumix Ilihuu (real-life Alaska), where it enjoys an official status. Although its words are derived from PIE, its phonology and most of its morphology show traces related to the Inuit languages, as it's polysynthetic and has only the vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, with length distinctions. It was created for an alternate history timeline where some PIE-speakers migrated all the way from Eastern Europe to Alaska and where the Russians made Alaska a protectorate instead of a colony.

Etymology

The name Qasunattiiji means real people or true people, while Tuujiyumix Ilihuu means Land of all Peoples. The name of the country was chosen to replace the old 'Greater Alaska' in order to distance the new country from Russia shortly after its independence in 1917.

Phonology

Phonological history

  • Clipping en masse
  • bʰ → pʰ → ɸ → h → q
  • gʰ → dʰ → x → q
  • ɣʷ → ɢ
  • ɢː → ʁː
  • gʲʰ → gʰ → dʰ → x → q
  • tʲ → tʃ → ʃ → ʂ
  • gʲ → dʒ → tʃ → ʃ → ʂ
  • kʲ → tʃ → ʃ → ʂ
  • gʷ → w → v
  • gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → p
  • dʰ → tʰ → t
  • kʷ → p
  • {e,o}j → iː
  • {eː,oː}j → aː
  • {e,o}w → uː
  • {eː,oː}w → uː
  • {eː,oː} → {iː,u}
  • epenthetic /a/ appears to break invalid consonant clusters, except in words borrowed from Russian and English.
  • epenthetic /i/ appears before [l ʐ ɢ] if they occur in the beginning of words.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palatal Retroflex Velar Uvular
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Stop p t k q ɢ
Fricative f v s ʂ ʐ χ (ʁ)
Lateral l
Approximant j

Notes:

  • Before /n/, /ŋ/ /ʁ/ are the allophones of /k/ and /q/, respectively.
  • /ŋ/ also appears in Inuit borrowings.
  • /ʁ/ is also used in verbal morphemes that are borrowed from Inuit. Its geminated version is equivalent to a /ɢː/.

Vowels

Front Back
Close i(ː) u(ː)
Open a(ː)

Prosody

Stress falls always on the penultimate syllable.

Phonotactics

[l ʐ ɢ] can't appear at the beginning of words, but can occur at the beginning of a medial syllable, while [p t k q s j m n v ʂ j f χ] can occur both at the beginning of a word and at the beginning of a medial syllable.
[ŋ] can only come at the beginning of a medial syllable after another [ŋ].
If there is a long and a short vowel in sequence, and vice versa, for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi].
[t] and [b] become [ʐ] and [v], respectively, between vowels (assibilation).
[k], [q] and [t] become [ŋ], [ʁ] and [n], respectively, before [n]
Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them.

Orthography

Latin letter (since the 1920s) Cyrillic letter (between the XVII century and the 1920s) IPA
Qasunattuuji alphabets
A, a A, а /a/
F, f Ф, ф /f/
G, g Г. г /ɢ/ or /ʁ/ (see consonants)
H, h Х, х /χ/
I, i И, и /i/
J, j Ж, ж /ʐ/
K, k К, к /k/
L, l Л, л /l/
M, m М, м /m/
N, n Н, н /n/
Ŋ, ŋ Нг, нг /ŋ/
P, p П, п /p/
Q, q Кь, кь /q/
S, s С, с /s/
T, t Т, т /t/
U, u У, y /u/
V, v В, в /v/
X, x Ш, ш /ʂ/
Y, y Й, й /j/

Notes:

  • In both alphabets, long vowels are written as double letters (aa,:ии, уу, aa, ii, uu).
  • Double кь and нг were written кькь and нгнг, respectively.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns decline in eight different cases: absolutive, ergative, instrumental, allative, ablative, locative, perlative and similative, and in number, for singular, dual and plural.

Nouns

Singular

Dual

Plural

Absolutive -∅ ÷ju² ÷ix¹ / -mix
Ergative ÷huu ÷juh² ÷ixi¹ / -mixi
Instrumental ÷hak / -k ÷kat / tuk ÷kix²
Allative ÷hi ÷hit ÷him
Ablative ÷hahip / -hip ÷huut ÷hum
Locative ÷haqi / -qi ÷haq / qu ÷qix²
Perlative ÷hapi / -pi ÷it¹ / -t ÷pix²
Similative ÷hasi / -si ÷sit² ÷six²

Notes:

  • ÷: if the root ends in a consonant, remove it.
  • ¹: if the root ends in a consonant, remove both it and the vowel before it, except in monosyllabic words, in which case the suffix goes after the consonant.
  • ²: if the root ends with the suffix's first consonant, the suffix is applied in its totality, without removing consonants.
  • If there are two forms, the second is used if the root ends in a vowel.
Example: mihat (mother)

Singular

Dual

Plural

Absolutive mihat mihaju mihix
Ergative mihahuu mihajuh mihixi
Instrumental mihahak mihakat mihakix
Allative mihahi mihahit mihahim
Ablative mihahahip mihahuut mihahum
Locative mihaqi mihaqu mihaqix
Perlative mihapi mihit mihapix
Similative mihasi mihasit mihasix
Example: puulu (son)

Singular

Dual

Plural

Absolutive puulu puuluju puulumix
Ergative puuluhuu puulujuh puulumixi
Instrumental puuluk puulujuk puulukix
Allative puuluhi puuluhit puuluhim
Ablative puuluhip puuluhuut puuluhum
Locative puuluqi puuluqu puuluqix
Perlative puulupi puulut puulupix
Similative puulusi puulusit puulusix

Ergative

The ergative is used to mark the subject of a transitive sentence and to mark the genitive, specifically, marking the possessor of a possessed entity, except in sentences like "is my X", where the ergative falls in the pronoun.

Instrumental

The instrumental also marks the indefinite "object" of syntactically intransitive verbs.

Allative

The allative also marks objective, beneficiary and destination.

Ablative

The Ablative is also used to mark the comparison's source, with the verb receiving the suffix -lu(k) before the person, number and mood suffix.

muu maalujuq siixipahahi
/muː maːˈluʐuk siːʂipaˈχaχi/
muu maa -luk- -tuq siixipahaŋ- -hi
mouse small- -comp- -3s.ind groundhog- -abl
A mouse is smaller than a groundhog

Perlative

The perlative indicates the manner or the way of transportation and also marks the path and the subject of the conversation.

vijunipisigik qayipi?
/viʐuniˈsiʁik qaˈjipi/
vip- -tuni- -pisigik qayi- -pi
talk- -ger- -3s.int winter -perl
Are you talking about the winter?

Vocative

The vocative shows the addressee, including the subject of an imperative sentence. It doesn't have its own suffix, but is marked by elongating the noun's last vowel (if it's short), and in the case of proper nouns, it's not marked orthographically.

miihMihaat!
/miχ/ — /miχaːt/
mihat- -∅- / mihaat
mother -abs.sg / mother -voc.sg
Mother/Oh, mother

Derivation and structure

The morpheme ti is suffixed to the verbs in order to indicate the agent: pi (hunt) → piji (hunter).
The suffix -miq transforms a verb into an instrument to do so: sayu (sew) → sayumiq (sewing machine).
The suffix -(ŋ)ilu indicates the diminutive: viin (woman) → vinilu (ggirl).
The suffix -ppak creates a noun that in theory is bigger than the primitive: ixav (caribou) → ixappak (horse).
There are also suffixes for quantities, such as hayaat (many) or payaak (each).

The maximum structure of nouns is:

root-(derivational)-(inflecional)-(number and case)


Derivational can be an adjective or other derivational suffixes, such as the cited above, and inflectional can be an adverb that isn't a free morpheme. There can have several derivational or inflectional suffixes, but, only one nominal root per noun.

Verbs

See also: Qasunattuuji verbs.

Every verb has an obligatory inflection for person, number, and mood (all marked by a single suffix), and can have other inflectional suffixes such as tense, aspect, modality, and various suffixes carrying adverbial functions.

Tense

Tense marking is always optional. The only explicitly marked tense is the future tense. Past and present tense cannot be marked and are always implied. All verbs can be marked through adverbs to show relative time (using words such as "yesterday" or "tomorrow"). If neither of these markings is present, the verb can imply a past, present, or future tense.

Future tense
Tense Example
Present

Pijavimiq

telephone-INSTR

vigiipuk.

talk-we-1DU.3SG

Pijavimiq vigiipuk.

telephone-INSTR talk-we-1DU.3SG

We (two) talk on the phone.

Future

Pijavimiq

telephone-INSTR

viniagiipuk.

talk-we-DU-FUT

Pijavimiq viniagiipuk.

telephone-INSTR talk-we-DU-FUT

We (two) will talk on the phone.

Future (implied)

Suujuqqanu

give birth probably

savisuhuu

sister's

ilaa

I

kaluuŋiluuk.

tomorrow

Suujuqqanu savisuhuu ilaa kaluuŋiluuk.

{give birth probably} {sister's} {I} tomorrow

My sister (will) give(s) birth tomorrow. (the future tense "will" is implied by the word tomorrow)

Aspect

Marking aspect is optional in Qasunattuuji verbs. It has a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions, such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-simavi; "to always, habitual verb"), inchoative (-hiŋaat; "about to verb"), and intentional (-sahuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix. number-mood suffix.

Mood

Qasunattuuji has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional. Participles are sometimes classified as a mood.

Adjectives

Generally, adjectives are affixed on the noun, after the root. Sufixos derivacionais:

  • -(q)ip- (opposite)
  • -(p)ali- (-ful)
  • -(f)al- (-phile)
  • -(f)up- (-phobe)

noun+adjective declined in the instrumental (able) person+place declined in the ablative (inhabitant) Notes:

  • There isn't a derivational method to transform adjectives into manner adverbs, because they are separate words.
  • Both -(f)al- and -(f)ub- are borrowed from English.

Numerals

Qasunattuuji numerals are base-20 with a sub-base of 10. They decline (except in the vocative) and can be incorporated to the verbs. The numbers 1 to 20 are:

1 2 3 4 5
qii tuvu taji pija pinap
6 7 8 9 10
savix sivat uxat qanuun tixam
11 12 13 14 15
tixaqi tixajuvu tixajaji tixapija tixapinap
16 17 18 19 20
tixasavix tixisivat tixamuxat tixaqanun iŋuiŋŋaq

Multiples of 400 are created with -kipiaq and 8000's with -pak.

# Number Semantics
20 iŋuiŋŋaq 20
25 iŋuiŋŋaq pinap 20 + 5
30 iŋuiŋŋaq tixam 20 + 10
35 iŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap 20 + 15
40 tuviŋuiŋŋaq 2×20
45 tuviŋuiŋŋaq pinap 2×20 + 5
50 tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixam 2×20 + 10
55 tuviŋuiŋŋaq tixapinap 2×20 + 15
60 tajiiŋuiŋŋaq 3×20
70 tajiŋuiŋŋaq tixam 3×20 + 10
80 pijiŋuiŋŋaq 4×20
90 pijiŋuiŋŋaq tixam 4×20 + 10
100 pinapiŋuiŋŋaq 5×20
110 pinapiŋuiŋŋaq tixam 5×20 + 10
120 savixiŋuiŋŋaq 6x20
140 sivajiŋuiŋŋaq 7x20
160 uxajiŋuiŋŋaq 8×20
180 qanuuniŋuiŋŋaq 9×20
200 tixamiŋuiŋŋaq 10×20
300 tixapinapiŋuiŋŋaq 15×20
400 qiikipiaq 1x400
800 tuvukipiaq 2×400
1200 tajikipiaq 3×400
1600 pijakipiaq 4×400
2000 pinakipiaq 5×400
2400 savikipiaq 6×400
2800 sivakipiaq 7x400
4000 tixakipiaq 10×400
6000 tixapinakipiaq 15×400
8000 qiipak 1x8000

Demonstrative adverbs

Demonstrative pronouns

Conjunctions

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Some other valid transformations

Example texts