Qasunattuuji verbs

Qasunattuuji verbs are known for their complexity: a single conjugated verb may stand for a whole sentence. Also, they exhibit noun incorporation: for example: do a speech is rendered as speech-do.

General features

Every verb has an obligatory inflection for person, number, and mood (all marked by a single suffix), and can have other inflectional suffixes such as tense, aspect, modality, and various suffixes carrying adverbial functions, and can have nouns incorporated to them.

Tense

Tense marking is always optional. The only explicitly marked tense is the future tense. Past and present tense cannot be marked and are always implied. All verbs can be marked through adverbs to show relative time (using words such as "yesterday" or "tomorrow"). If neither of these markings is present, the verb can imply a past, present, or future tense.

Future tense

Tense	Example
Present	Pijavimiq telephone-INSTR vigiipuk. talk-we-1DU.3SG Pijavimiq vigiipuk. telephone-INSTR talk-we-1DU.3SG We (two) talk on the phone.
Future	Pijavimiq telephone-INSTR viniagiipuk. talk-we-DU-FUT Pijavimiq viniagiipuk. telephone-INSTR talk-we-DU-FUT We (two) will talk on the phone.
Future (implied)	Suujuqqanu give birth probably savisuhuu sister's ilaa I kaluuŋiluuk. tomorrow Suujuqqanu savisuhuu ilaa kaluuŋiluuk. {give birth probably} {sister's} {I} tomorrow My sister (will) give(s) birth tomorrow. (the future tense "will" is implied by the word tomorrow)

Aspect

Marking aspect is optional in Qasunattuuji verbs. It has a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions, such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-simavi; "to always, habitual verb"), inchoative (-hiŋaat; "about to verb"), and intentional (-sahuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix. number-mood suffix.

Mood

Qasunattuuji has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional. Participles are sometimes classified as a mood.

Participle can be used to form relative sentences.

xavix qijajuat kinakutut.
/ˈʂaviʂ qiˈʐaʐuat kinaˈkuʐut/
xav-	-ix	qijak-	-tuat	kinak-	-u-	-tut
dog	-abs.pl	bark	-3p.part-	hunger-	-be.X-	-3p.indic
The dogs that are barking are hungry

Conditional is used to make conditional sentences

kinakukama qiniajuŋa
/kiniakuˈkama qiniaˈʐuŋa/
kiniak-	-u-	-kama	qit-	-niaq-	-tuŋa
hungry-	-be.X	-1s.cond.impf-	-3p.part-	eat-	-fut	-1s.ind
I will it if I get hungry

The Coordinative mood has a wide range of uses, including the formation of dependent sentences that function as modifiers of independent sentences.

puuvajijaluŋa qittuŋa
/puːvaʐiʐaˈluŋa qittuŋa/
puuvatijax-	-luŋa	qit-	-tuŋa
read-	-1s.coord	eat-	-1s.ind	eat-
While I read, I eat

isinaluŋa aŋŋuajuŋa
/isinaˈluŋa aŋŋaˈʐuŋa/
isinap-	-luŋa	aŋŋuaq-	-tuŋa
read-	-1s.coord	eat-	-1s.ind	eat-
Singing, I dance

Structure

The maximum structure of verbs is:

root-(derivational)-(inflecional)-(person, number, mood)—enclitic

There can have several derivational or inflectional suffixes, but, only one verbal root per verb.

Enclitics codify coordination (—nu "and") and evidentiality (—quuq "it's said that", "they say that").
Suffixes that change valency should come after the radical-(derivational), but before the person, number and mood suffix.
Nouns can be incorporated along with derivation suffixes, with the verb becoming intransitive, and Qasunattuuji has the types I, II a IV of noun incorporation.

Derivation

The suffix -u creates a verb "be X" from a noun.
The suffix -uh creates a verb "become X" from a noun whose verb doesn't have the be/become X distinction.
The gerund is marked with the suffix -juni (-tuni after t).
The negative suffix -it negates what comes before the radical, being able to come after the root and before the derivational, after the derivational, or both. If the suffix comes before a person, number and mood suffix starting the consonant (except t), a -ti- should be inserted between them.

Paradigms

Intransitive verbal paradigms

Independent
Mood	Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative	1	-tuŋa	-tuguk	-tugut
	2	-tujin	-tusik	-tusi
	3	-tuq	-tuk	-tut
Indterrogative	1	-pik	-pit	-pa
	2	-piŋuk	-pisik	-pak
	3	-pisa	-pisi	-pat
Imperative (affirmative)	1	-laŋa	-in	-li
	2	-luk	-(t)ijik	-lik
	3	-ta	-(t)itti	-lix
Imperative (negative)	1	-naŋa	-nak	-nani
	2	-nanuk	-nasik	-najik
	3	-naja	-nasi	-najig
Dependent
Mood	Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
Conditional	1	-kama	-kammuk	-kaja
	2	-kavix	-kaasik	-kaasi
	3 (reflexive)	-kami	-kamik	-kamiŋ
	3 (non-reflexive)	-ːman	-ːmaanik	-ːmaja
Coordinative	1	-luŋa	-lunuk	-luja
	2	-lujin	-lusik	-lusi
	3	-luni	-lujik	-lujiŋ

Transitive paradigm (independent)

Object →	First person			Second person			Third person
Subject ↓	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1S				-giipiŋ	-giijik	-giisi	-giga	-giija	-giika
1D				-giijigiŋ	-giijuk	-giisi	-giiput	-givut	-givut
1P				-giijigiŋ	-giijuk	-gisi	-giiput	-givut	-givut
2S	-giima	-giijiguq	-giijigut				-giijuk	-gijik	-gijik
2D	-gisiiŋa	-giijiguk	-giijigut				-gii	-giikiŋ	-gijin
2P	-giisiiŋa	-giijuguk	-giijigut				-giisi	-gisi	-gisi
3S	-gaaŋa	-gaajiguk	-gaajigut	-gaajin	-gaajik	-gaasi	-gaa	-gik	-gai
3D	-gaajaŋa	-gaajiguk	-gaajigut	-gaajin	-gaajik	-gaasi	-gaak	-giŋik	-gaix
3P	-gaajaŋa	-gaajiguk	-gaajigut	-gaajin	-gaajik	-gaasi	-gaat	-gaix	-gaix

Transitive interrogative paradigm (independent)

Object →	First person			Second person			Third person
Subject ↓	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1S				-pigiŋ	-pisik	-pisi	-piguk	-pigik	-pigix
1D				-pisigiŋ	-pisik	-pisi	-pisiguk	-pisigik	-pisigik
1P				-pisigiŋ	-pisik	-pisi	-pisigu	-pisigik	-pisigik
2S	-piŋa	-pisiguk	-pisigut				-piuŋ	-pisi	-pisigix
2D	-pisiiŋa	-pisiguk	-pisigut				-pisiiŋ	-pisigik	-pisigik
2P	-piŋuuŋa	-pisiguk	-pajigut				-pisiiŋ	-pisigik	-pisigik
3S	-paŋa	-pajiguk	-pajigut	-pajin	-gajik	-pasi	-pauŋ	-pagik	-pagix
3D	-paaŋa	-pajiguk	-pajigut	-pajin	-pajik	-pasi	-paaku	-paakik	-pajigik
3P	-paaŋa	-pajiguk	-pajigut	-pajin	-pajik	-pasi	-paajuŋ	-pajigik	-pajigik

Transitive imperative affirmative paradigm (independent)

Object →	First person			Second person			Third person
Subject ↓	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1S				-laapiŋ	-laajik	-laasi	-lagu	-lagik	-lagix
1D				-laajigiŋ	-laajik	-laasi	-laapuk	-laajik	-laajigix
1P				-laajigiŋ	-laajik	-laasi	-laaput	-laavut	-laavut
2S	-ŋŋa	-tuguk	-tigut				-uŋ	-(ː)kik	-k/(ː)kix
2D	-siiŋa	-tiguk	-tigut				-ːku	-sigik	-sigix
2P	-siiŋa	-tiguk	-tigut				-siuŋ	-sigik	-sigix
3S	-liŋa	-lisiguk	-lisigut	-lisin	-lisik	-lisi	-liuŋ	-ligik	-ligix
3D	-liiŋa	-lisiguk	-lisigut	-lisin	-lisik	-lisi	-liiku	-lisigik	-lisigik
3P	-liiŋa	-lisiguk	-lisigut	-lisin	-lisik	-lisi	-liijuŋ	-lisigik	-lisigix

Transitive imperative negative paradigm

Object →	First person			Second person			Third person
Subject ↓	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1S				-naŋa			-naŋa
1D				-najiguk			-najiguk
1P				-najigut			-najigut
2S							-nagu		-nagix
2D							-nagu
2P	-nasiiŋa		-nasigut				-nasiuŋ		-nasigik
3S							-nagu
3D							-nagik
3P							-nagu

Transitive conditional (dependent) paradigm

Object →	First person			Second person			Third person
Subject ↓	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1S				-aakiŋ	-aajik	-aasi	-aaku	-aakik	-aakix
1D				-aajigiŋ	-aajik	-aasi	-aajigu	-aajigik	-aajigik
1P				-aajigiiŋ	-aajik	-aasi	-aajigu	-aajigik	-aajigik
2S	-aaŋa	-aajiguk	-aajigut				-aaku	-aakik	-aakix
2D	-aasiiŋa	-aajiguk	-aajigut				-aajigu	-aajigik	-aajigik
2P	-aasiiŋa	-aajiguk	-aajigut				-aasiuŋ	-aasigik	-aasigik
3S reflexive	-amiŋa	-amisiguk	-amisigut	-amisin	-amisik	-amisi	-amiuŋ	-amigik	-amisigik
3D reflexive	-amisiŋa	-amisiguk	-amisigut	-amisin	-amisik	-amisi	-amiijuŋ	-amisiikik	-amisigiŋ
3P reflexive	-amiiŋa	-amisiguk	-amisigut	-amisin	-amisik	-amisi	-amiijuŋ	-amisihik	-amisigiŋ
3S non-reflexive	-maŋa	-najiguk	-najigut	-majin	-majik	-masi	-magu	-magik	-magix
3D non-reflexive	-maaŋa	-najiguk	-najigut	-majin	-majik	-nasu	-aaku	-maagik	-maajigik
3P non-reflexive	-maŋa	-najiguk	-najigut	-majin	-majik	-masi	-maaju	-maajigik	-majigik

Transitive coordinative (dependent)

Object →	First person			Second person			Third person
Subject ↓	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1S				-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu
1D				-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu
1P				-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu
2S	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu				-lugu	-lugu	-lugu
2D	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu				-lugu	-lugu	-lugu
2P	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu				-lugu	-lugu	-lugu
3S	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugik	-lagix
3D	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugik	-lagix
3P	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugu	-lugik	-lagix

Transitive participial paradigm

Object →	First person			Second person			Third person
Subject ↓	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1S				-kkaapiŋ	-kkaajik	-kkaasi	-kaga	-kkaka	-kkaaka
1D				-kkaajigiŋ	-kaajigiŋ	-kaajigiŋ	-kkaavuk	-kkavuk	-kkaavuK
1P				-kkaajigiŋ	-kaajigiŋ	-kaajigiŋ	-kkaavut	-kkavut	-kkaavut
2S	-kkaama	-kkaajiguk	-kkaajigut				-kkan	-kkakiŋ	-kkajin
2D	-kkaajiŋa	-kkaajiguk	-kkaajigut				-kkaajik	-kkajik	-kkajik
2P	-kkasiiŋa	-kkaajiguk	-kkaajigut				-kkaaqi	-kkasi	-kkasi
3S	-kkaŋani	-kkaŋajiguk	-kkaŋajigut	-kkaŋajin	-kkaŋajik	-kkaŋasi	-kkaŋa	-kkak	-kkaŋi
3D	-kkaŋani	-kkaŋajiguk	-kkaŋajigut	-kkaŋajin	-kkaŋajik	-kkaŋasi	-kkaŋak	-kkaŋik	-kkaŋik
3P	-kkaŋani	-kkaŋajiguk	-kkaŋajigut	-kkaŋajin	-kkaŋajik	-kkaŋasi	-kkaŋat	-kkaŋix	-kkaŋix

Intransitive participial paradigm

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	-tuaŋa	-tuaguk	-tuagut
2	-tuajin	-tuasik	-tuasi
3	-tuaq	-tuak	-tuat

Notes

• The ː symbol means that the last phoneme of the radical is geminated.
• In the case of the transitive participial, if the last consonant of the radical is k or q, they must be deleted, if it's t, then the kka becomes ta.