Kandi: Difference between revisions
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|[c̚ ~ q̚] | |[c̚ ~ q̚] | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Suprasegmentals=== | ===Suprasegmentals=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Tsani does not phonemically distinguish words stress, similar to French. Some linguists have criticised d'Ivoire for this view, claiming it is francocentric. It does, according to d'Ivoir, have a sentence stress; a stress that almost unexclusively falls on the last syllable, just like in the [[w:French language|French language]]. It is not appropriate to call this stress, however; a more fitting description is a universal rise in tone. | |||
{{Gloss/indexable | |||
|phrase = Akénin tsúriyuya. | |||
|IPA = /aceːnin t͡suːrijuja↗/ | |||
|morphemes = a-kéni-n tsúriyu-ya | |||
|gloss = INTF-heat-REL cold-CAUS | |||
|translation = Cold makes heat. | |||
|index = ... | |||
}} | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== |
Revision as of 18:26, 1 December 2013
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Tsani | |
---|---|
Atsáni tsuyi | |
Pronunciation | [/t͡sán at͡sáːɣɪ/] |
Created by | – |
Native to | United States of America |
Native speakers | 21,020 (2012) |
Early form | |
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Regulated by | Tsárapi áyasáari |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | as |
ISO 639-2 | aas |
ISO 639-3 | aas |
Atsáni tsúyi, or simply Tsani /t͡sáni/ is a language spoken in the eastern United States of America. It is not known to be related to any extant language and is thus a language isolate. The name, Atsáni tsúyi /at͡saːni t͡suːji/ means "crafty speech".
Atsani is a heavily agglutinating with a complex verbal morphology. The language has repeatedly been analysed as lacking nouns and adjectives altogether, in favour of verbs. Asaari is a tonal language with a limited vowel inventory, and an extensive array of consonants.
Phonology
The Tsani inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19th century, the foremost people in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages.
Consonants
The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. It mostly differs from others models in terms of orthography, but also in analysing the sequence plosive + labio-velar approximant as phonemic ejectives.
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Uvular | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | central | lateral | ||||||
Nasals | voiceless | mh /m̥/ | nh /n̥/ | |||||
voiced | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||||
Stops | ejective | pu /pʼ/ | tu /tʼ/ | qu /cʼ ~ qʼ/ | ||||
voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | q /c ~ q/ | h /ʔ/ | ||||
Affricates | ejective | tsu /t͡sʼ/ | tlu /tɬ'/ | tshu /t͡ɕʼ/ | ||||
voiceless | ts /t͡s/ | tl /t͡ɬ/ | tsh /t͡ɕ/ | |||||
Fricatives | voiceless | ph /ɸ ~ pɸ/ | th /θ ~ tθ/ | s /s ~ ts/ | lh /ɬ/ | sh /ç ~ ɕ/ | h /χ ~ h/ | |
Approximants | l /l/ | y /j/ | r /ʁ ~ ʀ/ |
Vowels
D'Ivoire also re-analysed and standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language.
Tsan has four main vowels, /a/, /i/, /u/ and /ɛ/. All vowels can be long, in which case they are written with an acute accent.
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
Diphthongs
There are eleven diphthongs according to most analyses. These are /aj/, /ɛj/, /uj/, /ja/, /jɛ/, /ju/, /aw/, /ɛw/, /wa/, /wi/ and /wɛ/.
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
Phonological processes
Emphatic consonants
The term emphatic is a controversial one, introduced by Crossing, but refers to a certain form of assimilation in the Tsani language. Following long vowels, fricative consonants and /r/ change their pronunciation.
Phonological changes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ph | th | s | lh | sh | h | r | |
Plain | /ɸ/ | /θ/ | /s/ | /ɬ/ | /ç/ | /ʔ/ | /r ~ ʁ ~ ʀ/ |
Emphatic | [p͡ɸ] | [t͡θ] | [t͡s] | [t͡ɬ] | [ɕ] | [χ] | [ɣ] |
Final | - | - | - | - | - | [h] | [r] |
Unreleased consonants
When in coda position of a word, consonants are pronounced with no audible release. This applies to all oral occlusives, or plosives. Ejective plosives are never found in final position and thus never unreleased. D'Ivoir observed a tendency for final occlusive consonants to be fricativised in certain dialects. He did not want to go as far as to call it phonemic, however.
Phonological changes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | t | q | |||||
Plain | /p/ | /t/ | /c ~ q/ | ||||
Unreleased | [p̚] | [t̚] | [c̚ ~ q̚] |
Suprasegmentals
Stress
Tsani does not phonemically distinguish words stress, similar to French. Some linguists have criticised d'Ivoire for this view, claiming it is francocentric. It does, according to d'Ivoir, have a sentence stress; a stress that almost unexclusively falls on the last syllable, just like in the French language. It is not appropriate to call this stress, however; a more fitting description is a universal rise in tone.
|
(...) |
Grammar
Tsan has a fairly complex grammar; it lacks the common definition of a noun. Instead, all nouns are so called "nominals" verbs conjugated in a certain pattern.
Syntax
Nominals and verbals
The language differentiates nominal and verbal constructs of finite verbs. A verbal verb acts like a normal verb. A nominal verb on the other hand, has affixes that makes it more similar to a noun or adjective.
In the most basic form, there is no difference between the two. However, through simple personal endings and relativisers, the meaning is altered.
- The main pronominal prefixes, mn.1/2/3, make verbs verbal, indicating a subject.
- The relativising affixes 1/2/3.rel mark a word as nominal. The third person neuter relativiser, -i, is also used to form finite verbs from verbals.
Finite and non-finite verbs
In Tsan , all nouns are verbs, and all verbs are finite. To create a construction similar to the English non finite verbs, a speaker uses the relativising suffix -i.
Árá gáari. | Árá ágáari. | Árá ságáari. | |||||||||||||
/áɣa cáːɣɪ/ | /áɣa acáːɣɪ/ | /áɣa sacáːɣɪ/ | |||||||||||||
á- | rá | gáar | -i | á- | rá | á- | gáar | -i | á- | rá | sá- | gáar | -i | ||
mn.pres.perf.1.m.sg. | like | read | .rel.3.n.sg |
|
pres.perf.1.m.sg. | like | pres.perf.1.m.sg. | read | .rel |
|
pres.perf.1.m.sg. | like | pres.perf.2.m.sg. | read | .rel |
I like the book. | I like when I read. (I like to read) | I like when you read. |
The topic marker
In Tsan, no syntactic argument carries as much weight as the topic. The topic is the argument of the sentence being talked about; the argument that can be inferred.
The topic marker is not compulsory, but a native speaker would probably be confused without it. The marker is a suffixed -s. The suffix is one of few very fusional suffixes, which often blend into preceeding suffix if it does not end in a vowel.
Árás gáari. | Árá gáaris. | Árátsa gáaris | |||||||||||||||
/áɣa cáːɣɪs/ | /áɣas cáːɣɪ/ | /áɣatsa cáːɣɪs/ | |||||||||||||||
á- | rá | -s | gáar | -i | á- | rá | gáar | -i- | -s | á- | rá | -tsa | gáar | -i | -s | ||
pres.perf.1.m.sg. | like | topic | read | .stat.rel.3.n.sg |
|
pres.perf.1.m.sg. | like | read | .rel.3.n.sg | topic |
|
pres.perf.1.m.sg. | like | neg. | read | .rel.3.n.sg | topic |
As for me, I like the book. | I like the BOOK.1 | I DON'T like the book. |
- In English, one would stress the subject in the second sentence, I, but the book would still be the topic: "I don't like the book, but you do".
The topic marker and passivisation
The Tsan language lacks any distinction in grammatical voice. To express passive phrases, one would use the topic marker on the object of the transitive verb.
Éshis yéenínayih thagátsan. | Éshi yéenínayis thagátsan. | |||||||||||||||||
/ɛ́ɕɪs jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh θaqát͡san/ | /ɛ́ɕɪ jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs θaqát͡san/ | |||||||||||||||||
esh | -i- | -s | ‹yée› | nína | ‹yih› | ‹tha› | gátsa | ‹n› | esh | -i | ‹yée› | nína | ‹yis› | ‹tha› | gátsa | ‹n› | ||
bark | .rel.3.n.sg | topic | ‹.rel.3.f.s› | be girly | ‹.rel.3.f.s› | ‹past.perf.3.n.s› | bite | ‹past.perf.3.n.s› | bark | .rel.3.n.sg | ‹.rel.3.f.s› | be girly | ‹.rel.3.f.s + topic› | ‹past.perf.3.n.s› | bite | ‹past.perf.3.n.s› | ||
The DOG bit the girl. | The dog bit the GIRL. or The GIRL was bitten by the dog |
The topic marker, passivisation and incorporation
The passivisation with the topic marker makes it possible to omit the subject nominal, as long as the finite verb is conjugated according to the omitted subject.
Another possibility is to incorporate the subject nominal into the verbal. This is not the most common solution, but still occurs rather frequently.
Yéenínayis tha'éshigátsan. | Yéenínayis thagátsan . | |||||||||||||||
/jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh θaʔɛ́ɕɪqát͡san/ | /jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs θaqát͡san/ | |||||||||||||||
‹tha› | -'- | -esh- | -i- | gátsa | ‹n› | ‹yée› | nína | ‹yis› | ‹tha› | gátsa | ‹n› | ‹yée› | nína | ‹yis› | ||
‹past.perf.3.n.s› | con | bark | .rel.3.n.sg.con | bite | ‹past.perf.3.n.s› | ‹.rel.3.f.s› | be girly | ‹.rel.3.f.s› | ‹past.perf.3.n.s› | bite | ‹past.perf.3.n.s› | ‹.rel.3.f.s› | be girly | ‹.rel.3.f.s + topic› | ||
The GIRL was dog-bitten. | The GIRL was bitten. |
The topic marker and definiteness
Definiteness normally goes unmarked in Tsan, and no official distinction exist. However, using the topic marker, nouns are most often implied to be definite. This also infers that only one argument may be definite in a clause.
Nar éshi yàyáhin. | Naas éshi yàyáhin. | ||||||||||||
/nar ɛ́ɕɪ jàjáʔɪn/ | /naːs ɛ́ɕɪ jàjáʔɪn/ | ||||||||||||
nar | esh | -i | ‹yà› | yáhi | ‹n› | naas | esh | -i | ‹yà› | yáhi | ‹n› | ||
be manly.pred. | bark | .rel.3.n.sg | ‹pres.perf.3.m.s› | see | ‹pres.perf.3.m.s› | be manly.pred. + topic | bark | .rel.3.n.sg | ‹pres.perf.3.m.s› | see | ‹pres.perf.3.m.s› | ||
Man sees dog. | The man sees the dog. |
The topic marker, the relativiser and definiteness
Both the topic marker and the relativiser indicate what would be definiteness in English. There is a slight difference in usage, however. The relativiser indicates a less important focus than the topic marker.
Tsúnanir yàtsúnan. | Tsúnasir yàtsúnan. | ||||||||||||
/t͡sʊ́nanɪr jat͡sʊ̀nan/ | /t͡sʊ́nasɪr jat͡sʊ̀nan/ | ||||||||||||
tsúna | -n | -ir | ‹yà› | tsúna | ‹n› | tsúna | -s | -ir | ‹yà› | tsúna | ‹n› | ||
to run.pred. | .rel.3.n.sg | .agent.mn | ‹pres.perf.3.mn.s› | run | ‹pres.perf.3.mn.s› | to run.pred. | .topic | .agent.mn | ‹pres.perf.3.mn.s› | run | ‹pres.perf.3.mn.s› | ||
The runner runs. [The runner has previously been mentioned] | The RUNNER runs. |
Nína naas yàhúurayih. | Yéenínayih naas yàhúurayih. | |||||||||||||
/nína naːs jaʔʊ̀ːʀajɪh/ | /jɛːnínajɪh naːs jaʔʊ̀ːʀajɪh/ | |||||||||||||
nína | naas | ‹yà› | húura | ‹yih› | ‹jée› | nína | ‹yih› | naas | ‹yà› | húura | ‹yih› | |||
be girly.pred. | be manly.pred.+topic | ‹pres.perf.3.f.s› | love | ‹pres.perf.3.f.s› | .rel.3.f.sg | be girly.pred. | .rel.3.f.sg | be manly.pred.+topic | ‹pres.perf.3.f.s› | love | ‹pres.perf.3.f.s› | |||
A girl loves the MAN. | The girl loves the MAN |
The topic and reference
The topic marker is used in anaphoric and cataphoric expression, and clears out reference.
Érigi Yúniyas thayàmétin, ni thayàranash. | |||||||||||||
/ɛ́ɣɪcɪ jʊ́nɪjas θajamɛ̀tɪn | nɪ θajàʁanaɕ/ | |||||||||||||
Érigi | Yún | -i | -ya- | -s | ‹thayà› | méti | ‹n› | ni | ‹thayà› | ra | ‹n› | -ash | |
Eric.pred. | John | -.rel.3.m.sg | and.co.conj. | topic | ‹past.perf.3.mn.s› | eat | ‹past.perf.3.mn.s› | but.co.conj | ‹past.perf.3.mn.s› | like | ‹past.perf.3.mn.s› | -obj.3.n.s | |
Eric and John ate food, but he [John] didn't like it. |
In spoken Tsan, a more common word order would be "Érigi thayàmétin Yúniyas, ni thayàranash.", because there is an aversion to stacking proper nouns next to eachother.
Verbs
Number
Tsan verbs are conjugated according to three different numbers; singular, dual, and plural.
Singular
The singular (sg) number is the most basic form of most nouns, and marks individual nouns, counting "one". It is completely corresponding to the English equivalent. The singular third person perfective dynamic is the citation form of all words in the Asaari language. The singular inflects according to three genders: Masculine, feminine and neuter.
The singular is formed with prefixes and suffixes.
Dual
The dual (du) number marks when there are two subjects of a verb, or two of a noun. It is a living number unlike many European equivalents as well as Arabic. It is not inflected according to any gender.
The dual is formed through prefixes.
Plural
The plural (pl) number refers to any objects numbering more than two, that is "several". It corresponds well to the English plurals.
The plural formation differs from that of the other numbers; it uses full reduplication of the word. The reduplication is applied to the predicative form of the word.
- tsá.sg - language > tsátsá.pl - languages
- tíra.sg - letter > tíratíra.pl - letters
- yàatha.sg - emergence > yàathayàatha.pl - emergences
If it ends in a consonant, an epenthic ‹u› is inserted, unless the second segment starts in a vowel.
- nar.sg - man > narunar.pl - men
- gáar.sg - book > gáarugáar.pl - books
- asáar.sg - ocean > asáarasáar.pl - oceans
Gender
Unlike other Native American languages, there are three genders, the masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n). Gender plays important roles in and verbal inflections, since Tsan verbs conjugate according to gender. It is important to note that while verbs agree according to gender, it is the subject's gender that congruates.
There is no gender distinction in the plural dynamic conjugations. In the singular dynamic conjugation, the masculine and neuter collapse into a common, mn, gender.
Statives
Statives are an Tsan conjugation of verbs that function primarily as nouns and adjectives. A stative is most often defined as a predicative verb, nominal or adjective, but may also include other predicates. There are three different applicative forms and two copulative. The applicative in Asaari is parted in three; instrumental, benefactive, malefactive and oblique.
Predicative
The predicative construction of a nominal has a usage most often analogous to an English copula, used in a predicative expression.
- It is a dog. - mées
- Sara is a girl. - Sára lhináan
- The house is crushed.- tláta quirásináayan
Relative
The relative construction of an Asaari nominal is equivalent to a modifying relative clause. In the language, this is used to create objects, subjects, and modifiers.
- That which is a dog - méesi
- The man who is angry kicks the tree. - nar yéeitsán háranilhèqa
Relative | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine | sí- | shá- | yée-i/n | tlí- | thá- | ti- | sísí- | sháshá- | yéeyée- | ||||||
feminine | sí-yih | shá-yih | yée-yih | |||||||||||||
neuter | -i/n |
Instrumental
The Instrumental form has the function to promote an oblique argument of a verb to the core object argument, and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb. When the instrumental applicative is applied to a verb, its valency may be increased by one. The instrumental has mainly comitative and instrumental functions.
- He writes a letter with a pen. - Tìyitlá apuéni ayítlisi.
- He fetches wood with his hands. - Tìhem arási tsáran.
- He fetches it with me. - Tìhemir asími.
Applicative | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine | así- | ashá- | ayée- | atlí- | athá- | ati- | así-- | ashá-- | ayée-- | ||||||
feminine | así-yih | ashá-yih | ayée-yih | atlí-yih | athá-yih | ati-yih | así--yih | ashá--yih | ayée--yih | |||||||
neuter | a-i/n | ati-i/n |
Benefactive
The benefactive form expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause. It is simply expressed to be done "for" someone, as a favor or with neutral or good intent.
- He wrote a letter to me. - Tìyitlá símiyáa ayítlisi.
- He fetched wood for the fire. - Tìhem tináarayáan tsáran.
Benefactive | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine | sí-yáa | shá-yáa | yée-yáa | tlí-yáa | thá-yáa | ti-yáa | sí--yáa | shá--yáa | yée--yáa | ||||||
feminine | sí-yáayih | shá-yáayih | yée-yáayih | tlí-yáayih | thá-yáayih | ti-yáayih | sí--yáayih | shá--yáayih | yée--yáayih | |||||||
neuter | -yáan | ti-yáan |
Oblique
The oblique applicative often expressed when doing something "against" someone, as a hinder or with neutral or ill intent. It is often used in comparative clauses and as an object of a preposition. It does also have a locative function.
- Don't spit on me! - Ritshápuáta tsamiyáa.
- Please wait for me? - Tshásána tsasèhayáa.
- It is in here. - Itaniyáan.
Oblique | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine | tsa-yáa | tsah-yáa | sha-yáa | tlua-yáa | tsua-yáa | tui-yáa | tsa--yáa | tshá--yáa | sha--yáa | ||||||
feminine | tsa-yáayih | tsha-yáayih | sha-yáayih | tlua-yáayih | tsua-yáayih | tui-yáayih | tsa--yáayih | tsha--yáayih | sha--yáayih | |||||||
neuter | i-yáan | ti-yáan |
Dynamic
Perfective
Non-past and past
Perfective dynamic | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Past | ||||||||||||||||
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine/neuter | á- | sá- | yà-i/n | láhá- | lásá | láyà- | áha- | sásá- | yàyà- | ||||||
feminine | á-yih | sá-yih | yà-yih | |||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||||||
Indicative | masculine | thaá- | thasá- | thayà-i/n | tláhá- | tlásá | tláyà- | thaáha- | tlásá- | thayàyà- | ||||||
feminine | thaá-yih | thasá-yih | thayà-yih |
Irrealis
Perfective dynamic | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis | ||||||||||||||||
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine/neuter | páa- | gà- | yì-i/n | lápáa- | làgà- | làyì- | páapáa- | gàgà- | yìyì- | ||||||
feminine | páa-yih | gà-yih | yì-yih |
Habitual
Non-past and past
Habitual dynamic | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Past | ||||||||||||||||
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine/neuter | tí- | tsá- | rí-i/n | látí- | látsá- | lárí- | títí- | tlátsá- | rírí- | ||||||
feminine | tí-yih | tsá-yih | rí-yih | |||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||||||
Indicative | masculine | thatí- | thatsá- | tharí-i/n | tlátí- | tlátsá- | tlárí- | thatítí- | thatsátsá- | tharírí- | ||||||
feminine | thatí-yih | thatsá-yih | tharí-yih |
Irrealis
Habitual dynamic | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis | ||||||||||||||||
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine/neuter | táa- | tà- | tì-i/n | látáa- | látà- | látì- | táatáa- | tàtà- | títí- | ||||||
feminine | táa-yih | tà-yih | tì-yih |
Retrospective
Restrospective dynamic | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-past | ||||||||||||||||
Mood ↓ | Number → | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||
Gender ↓ | Person → | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||
Indicative | masculine/neuter | ràa- | sàa- | yáshi-i/n | láràa- | lásàa- | láyáshi- | ràaràa- | sàasàa- | yáyáshi- | ||||||
feminine | ràa-yih | sàa-yih | yáshi-yih | |||||||||||||
Past | ||||||||||||||||
Indicative | masculine | tharàa- | tshàa- | thayáshi-i/n | tláràa- | tlásàa- | tláyáshi- | tharàaràa- | tshàasàa- | thayáyáshi- | ||||||
feminine | tharàa-yih | tshàa-yih | thayáshi-yih |
Blah blah
Verb | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | /-/ | ... | |||||||||||||
Participles | |||||||||||||||
Non-Past | -áyyah | ||||||||||||||
Past | -áayan | ||||||||||||||
Person | Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||||
masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||||||||
Indicative | |||||||||||||||
Object enclitics | -yi | -yiis | -shi | -shiis | -ar | -saár | -íir | -'in | -'íih | -'íir | |||||
Past | |||||||||||||||
Perfective | |||||||||||||||
Imperfective | |||||||||||||||
Retrospective | |||||||||||||||
Non-Past | |||||||||||||||
Perfective | á- | á-yih | là- | là-yih | àra- | àra-yih | - | na- | ha- | ya- | |||||
Imperfective | tí- | tí-yih | tlá- | tlá-
yih |
rì- | rì-
yih |
é- | tí-ʾi- | tlá-ʾi- | -ʾi- | |||||
Retrospective | ràa- | ràa-yih | qà- | qà-yih | yása- | yása-yih | àari- | ràa-- | qà-- | àari-- | |||||
Irrealis | páa- | páa-yih | qáa- | qáa-yih | yée- | yée-yih | tháa-yih | páa-- | qáa-- | tháa-- | |||||
Imperative | tsí- | tsí-yih | tshá- | tshá-yih | shà- | shà-yih | 'í- | t'í- | tl'í- | -'í |