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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>


{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong''
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|nation = Anbir, Musun, Anbir Sjeoreong (in the [[Verse:Tricin/USB|USB]])
|familycolor=quihum
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
|fam2= Talmic
|fam3= Tigolic
|script=Talmic alphabet
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gaz anbirjəŋ/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. It is noted for its split-ergativity, like its close relative [[Ciètian]].{{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman countries [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Musun|Musun]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma and parts of Etalocin. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys a certain status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world. Anbirese is somewhat mutually intelligible with [[Ciètian]] (like German and Dutch).
==External history==
The idea of {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as "Tsjoen", before I decided to make it a Tigolic language. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.
==Todo==
*ot, od > vat, vada
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, tyb, solj, stam, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor, jachim, knae
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
*Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna''
*Swadesh list
*Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
*a verbalizer like ''-ować''
*Verb prefixes:
**''ar-'': on, at > ''ar-''
**''(deut.) as-'': telic > ''ys-''
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at > ''dze-'', ''do-''
**''é-'': with, co- > ''e-''
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly > ''fin-''
**''for-'': causative, through > ''for-''
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back > ''fl-''
**''imm-'': immediately > ''im-, m-, n-, ŋ-''
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out > ''gol-''
**''ro-'': down > ''ro-''
**''sol-'': a causative > ''sol-''
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards > ''su-''
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back > ''sor-''
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from > ''oc-''
Vowel reflexes:
*a e i o u > eo jeo je u eu
*ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
*á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o u
*ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jo
*eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
*ae ao aoi > e eu eui
*ia ua uai > ja veo vae
==Phonology==
Old Anbirese and Old Ciètian both underwent the so-called Anbirese spirantization of [[Tigol]] aspirated stops: ''p ṗ t ṫ c ċ'' /pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ/ > OAnb /f v θ ð x ɣ/. Modern Anbirese subsequently shifted /θ/ to unaspirated ''t'' /t/, /t/ (from Tigol ''d'') to ''θ'' /tʰ/, /ð/ to ''z'' /z/, and deleted /ɣ/.
===Consonants===
Anbirese has about 33 consonants:
*/k g x ŋ/
*/tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
*/t d tʰ z (ʑ) n/
*/p b f v m/
*/pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/
*/s ɕ ɧ h/
*/ɾ ɾʲ ɹ j ɴ̆/ [w]
Anbirese has phonetic palatalization, indicated by writing ''Cj''. Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written ''Cj'') and iotated consonants (written ''Clj''):
* ''mjeg'' /mʲeg/ = to cover (cognate to Eevo ''mee'' 'to hide'); ''mljeg'' /mʲjeg/ = to sell (cognate to Eevo ''mleend'' 'shop')
* ''sjeong'' 'sky', ''sljeong'' 'blossom, bloom'
[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.
/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).
===Notation===
====Radical consonants====
*k ch ng /k x ŋ/
*kj chj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
*t θ n /t tʰ n/
*tj θj nj /tɕ tɕʰ ɲ/
*c cj /ts tɕ/
*p f m /p f m/
*pj fj mj /pʲ fʲ mʲ/
*s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
*r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/
At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
====Lenited consonants====
*g γ /g Ø/
*gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
*d z /d z/
*dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
*dz dzj /dz d͡ʑ/
*b v /b v/
*bj vj /bʲ vʲ/
====Eclipsed consonants====
*ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
*nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
*n nh /n nʰ/
*m mh mj mhj /m mʰ mʲ mʲʰ/
===Mutations===
Anbirese has 3 types of mutations: lenition, eclipsis, and h-prothesis.
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|-
!|grapheme
|''m''||''p''||''f''||''t''||''θ''||''c''||''s''<sup>*</sup>||''z''||''k''||''ch''||''0, j''
|-
!|soft
|''ng''||''b''||''h''||''z''||''d''||''dz''||''h''||''0''||''g''||(null)||''-''
|-
!|nasal
|''-''||''m''||''v''||''nh''||''n''||''-''||''z''||''-''||''ng''||''ngh''||''n(j)-''
|-
!|h-prothesis
|''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''h(j)-''
|}
Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.
<sup>*</sup>The clusters written ''sp'', ''st'', ''sk'' do not mutate.
===Vowels===
Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/: ''mi ni pi ti ci ki bi di gi fi vi'' are read as ''mji nji pji tji cji kji bji dji gji fji vji''. ''si zi li'' are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi ɲi].
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ü/
| '''eu''' [ɨ]
| '''o''' /o~u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae, e''' /e~ɛ/
| '''oe''' /ø~œ/
| '''eo''' [ə]
| '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /ɐ/
|
|}
===Stress===
Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.
===Intonation===
*General fall: declarative clauses
*General rise: dependent clauses
*Interrogative: interrogative clauses
==Dialectology==
Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese-speaking countries.
===Anbir===
Anbir has more dialectal diversity. Some dialects still use the preterite conjugation inherited from [[Tigol]] instead of the participle form
===Musun===
==Orthography==
Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.
==Vocabulary==
Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Many [[Tseer]] and [[Windermere]] loans are considered archaic today.
==Morphology==
===Mutations===
Like Ciètian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.
===Nouns===
Like its close relative [[Ciètian]], Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Standard Anbirese has nominative and genitive cases, but many Anbirese dialects have lost all inflection.
====Definite article====
Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is
*''eo'' before nasals and resonants (except /j/): ''eo mar'' [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
*''n'' before other consonants (where it is pronounced /ɨn/) and before vowels (where it is pronounced /n/): ''n cheozir'' [ɨn xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; ''n abeoz'' [n‿àbə̂z] 'the book'
The above rule operates after the word is mutated for number/gender marking.
TODO: definite article mutations by gender
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Definite article'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
|-
!
| eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || h-prothesis || h-prothesis || eclipsis
|-
! Example
| ''eo '''mp'''ran''<br/>'the corner' || ''n '''gk'''az''<br/>'the language' || ''n '''ch'''eozir''<br/>'the flower' || ''n '''p'''rán''<br/>'the corners' || ''n '''k'''áz''<br/>'the languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir''<br/>'the flowers'
|}
====Plural nouns====
A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.
*''mar'' /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
*''már'' /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees
However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:
*''íms'' /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
*''imseot'' /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ''ímseot'')
Musunese Anbirese always uses ''-eot'' for the plural.
<!--
Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural).  The usual affixes are:
*plural absolute: ''-r''
*singular construct: ''-(y)th''
*plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyvn'' 'woman', ''chyvnyr'' 'women'.
The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.
Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-s, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)
Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-s, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...
''i marna'' = my tree
''i cythr suvn-yna'' = my beautiful flower
-->
===Adjectives===
Predicate adjectives are uninflected. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number by mutations.
Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).
TODO: degree
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Adjective inflection'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
|-
!
| eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || no mut. || no mut.|| eclipsis
|-
! Example
| ''eo '''n'''alb '''nh'''jangeoban''<br/>/ə nawp ɲʰaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting shop' || ''n '''g'''az '''z'''jangeoban''<br/>/ŋ gaz ɹaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting language' || ''n '''ch'''eozir '''t'''jangeoban''<br/>/ŋ xəʑiɾ tɕaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting flower' || ''n '''θ'''álb '''t'''jangeoban''<br/>/n tʰǎwp tɕaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting shops' || ''n '''k'''áz '''t'''jangeoban''<br/>/ŋ k⁼ǎz tɕaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir '''nh'''jangeoban''<br/>/ə ŋʰɔ̌ʑiɾ ɲʰaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting flowers'
|}
*Comparative: ''tjangeoban'''teo''''' = more interesting
*Superlative: ''tjangeoban'''eob''''' = most interesting
===Verbs===
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
====Finite verb inflection====
All forms of an Anbirese verb are formed from four principal parts:
#the present absolute stem
#the imperative stem
#the past stem
#the bare infinitive stem
The forms of an Anbirese verb are the following:
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-i'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: PAST + ''-i''; induces split-ergativity
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE
There is no aspect distinction.
====Non-finite forms====
*The ''-eod'' infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
**with ''djeobjeol'', indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive]
*The bare infinitive is mainly used to construct various deranked clauses, like the Biblical Hebrew infinite construct:
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
***''Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo doreuk χjang.'' (be.PRES this much from my do.VN in try one) = This is too much for me to do all at once.
**with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause:
***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''a'' + VERB-''a''
***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
**It is also used to form the [[Anbirese/Syntax#Infinitive_absolute|infinitive absolute]].
====Split-ergativity====
Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.
Examples:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Transitive verbs'''
:''Chabin '''u''' na.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
:'I have eaten.'
:''Chabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
:'I have eaten the bread.'
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang cha.''
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitive verbs'''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:'The trees died.'
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol chaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}
====Strong verbs====
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut.
===Copula===
Something complicated like Irish
===Pronouns===
na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, tar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they
There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fjeor'' 'thou'.
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect for person as in most Talmic languages.
*''ljeo'' = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''Aeli na ljeon skuir/lje/ljeo Heojad'')
**''ljeona, ljeok, lju, lje, ljeoz, ljam, ljeof, ljeok, ljur''
*''djeo'' = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
**''djeona, djeok, dju, di, djeoz, djam, djeof, djeok, djur''
*''rjeo'' = of
** (possessed forms are used for emaphsis)
*''nae'' = with (inst.)
**''naemna, naebeok, naebu, naepi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur''
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
**''aemna, aebeok, aebu, aepi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur''
*''ljang'' = around, about
**''ljangna, ljangeok, ljangu, ljanki, ljangeoz, ljangam, ljangeof, ljangeok, ljangur''
*''eor'' = at
**''eorna, eoreok, oru, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur''
*''hjel'' = like
**''hjelna, hjeleok, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur''
*''θrjeo'' = with (comitative)
**''θrina, θrik, θrju, θri, θriz, θrim, θrif, θrik, θrjur''
*''eor oed'' = against
*''ok'' = from (ok + eo/n > on)
**''ona, okeok, oku, eki, okeoz, okam, okeof, okeok, okur''
===Conjunctions===
*''eok'' = and
*''nu'' = xor
===Numerals===
====Cardinal====
1-10 = chjang, tjedeor, nask, tob, sol, stang, rvaz, laz, paer, ngjor
11, 12, ... = jagjeong, xnae, nask ljang ngjor, tob ljang ngjor, etc.
====Ordinal====
chjameor, rjebjeor, naskeor, tobeor, soljeor, stangeor, rvazeor, lazeor, paerpeor, ngjoreor, jagjeor, xnaeëor, nask ljang ngjor-eor, etc.
===Derivational morphology===
====Native====
*-a = verbalizer
*ba- = sub-
*-eod = nominalizer
*-jeond/-eond = nominalizer
*-eog = nominalizer
*-leon = nominalizer of adjectives
*mi- = mis-, pseudo-
====Foreign====
*ing- = verbalizer ([[Windermere|Wdm.]])
*bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)
==Syntax==
:''More: [[Anbirese/Syntax]]
==Sample texts==
===From H2G2===
:'''''N jangtal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Toglaïn un san mje lib eom ngvad eos aesjeong e eor fjen djeon daki sjeod nhoreuk nknjet.'''''
:/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib ɔm ŋwad əs ɛɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧət nuɾük ŋnjet/
:the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing this very person/PL many and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as turn bad.
:''The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.''
===UDHR===
:'''''Darkjeori ba h-eom djeo hsjeok eos blje naen fraechleod eos naen meorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen mabrin eos naen stvarnga, eos pjeol eorur, djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon aeb h-eosrag.'''''
:/daɾtɕəɾi ba hɔm dʑə ɧɔk əs bje nen fɾexləd əs nen mɔɾʲənd. uɧənin har nen mabɾin əs nen stwaɾŋa, əs pʲɔl ɔɾüɾ dʑə skɾatən dʑə jeswaɾ njezəkʟən eb hɔsɾag/
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood LJEO act.
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Revision as of 01:54, 5 January 2022

Verse:Irta/Judeo-Anbirese/Wordlist
Verse:Irta/Judeo-Anbirese/Swadesh list
Verse:Irta/Judeo-Anbirese/Names

Irta/Judeo-Anbirese
Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Quame
  • Talmic
    • Tigolic
      • Irta/Judeo-Anbirese
Official status
Official language in
Anbir, Musun, Anbir Sjeoreong (in the USB)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Judeo-Anbirese (n gaz Anbirjeong /ən gaz anbirjəŋ/) is a major Talmic language descended from Tigol, inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. It is noted for its split-ergativity, like its close relative Ciètian.Judeo-Anbirese is the official language of the Talman countries Anbir and Musun and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, Judeo-Anbirese is a descendant of Thensarian. Like with German, there is a Standard Judeo-Anbirese and various regiolects.

Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern Judeo-Anbirese rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma and parts of Etalocin. Today, Judeo-Anbirese still enjoys a certain status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world. Anbirese is somewhat mutually intelligible with Ciètian (like German and Dutch).

External history

The idea of Judeo-Anbirese began as "Tsjoen", before I decided to make it a Tigolic language. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.

Todo

  • ot, od > vat, vada
  • Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, tyb, solj, stam, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor, jachim, knae
  • scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
  • obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
  • Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ʔinna and ʔanna
  • Swadesh list
  • Tigol > Judeo-Anbirese sound changes
  • a verbalizer like -ować
  • Verb prefixes:
    • ar-: on, at > ar-
    • (deut.) as-: telic > ys-
    • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at > dze-, do-
    • é-: with, co- > e-
    • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly > fin-
    • for-: causative, through > for-
    • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back > fl-
    • imm-: immediately > im-, m-, n-, ŋ-
    • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out > gol-
    • ro-: down > ro-
    • sol-: a causative > sol-
    • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards > su-
    • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back > sor-
    • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from > oc-

Vowel reflexes:

  • a e i o u > eo jeo je u eu
  • ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
  • á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o u
  • ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jo
  • eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
  • ae ao aoi > e eu eui
  • ia ua uai > ja veo vae

Phonology

Old Anbirese and Old Ciètian both underwent the so-called Anbirese spirantization of Tigol aspirated stops: p ṗ t ṫ c ċ /pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ/ > OAnb /f v θ ð x ɣ/. Modern Anbirese subsequently shifted /θ/ to unaspirated t /t/, /t/ (from Tigol d) to θ /tʰ/, /ð/ to z /z/, and deleted /ɣ/.

Consonants

Anbirese has about 33 consonants:

  • /k g x ŋ/
  • /tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
  • /t d tʰ z (ʑ) n/
  • /p b f v m/
  • /pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/
  • /s ɕ ɧ h/
  • /ɾ ɾʲ ɹ j ɴ̆/ [w]

Anbirese has phonetic palatalization, indicated by writing Cj. Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written Cj) and iotated consonants (written Clj):

  • mjeg /mʲeg/ = to cover (cognate to Eevo mee 'to hide'); mljeg /mʲjeg/ = to sell (cognate to Eevo mleend 'shop')
  • sjeong 'sky', sljeong 'blossom, bloom'

[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.

/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).

Notation

Radical consonants

  • k ch ng /k x ŋ/
  • kj chj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
  • t θ n /t tʰ n/
  • tj θj nj /tɕ tɕʰ ɲ/
  • c cj /ts tɕ/
  • p f m /p f m/
  • pj fj mj /pʲ fʲ mʲ/
  • s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
  • r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/

At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.

Lenited consonants

  • g γ /g Ø/
  • gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
  • d z /d z/
  • dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
  • dz dzj /dz d͡ʑ/
  • b v /b v/
  • bj vj /bʲ vʲ/

Eclipsed consonants

  • ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
  • nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
  • n nh /n nʰ/
  • m mh mj mhj /m mʰ mʲ mʲʰ/

Mutations

Anbirese has 3 types of mutations: lenition, eclipsis, and h-prothesis.

Consonant mutations
grapheme m p f t θ c s* z k ch 0, j
soft ng b h z d dz h 0 g (null) -
nasal - m v nh n - z - ng ngh n(j)-
h-prothesis - - - - - - - - - - h(j)-

Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.

*The clusters written sp, st, sk do not mutate.

Vowels

Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. eu /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of i /i/: mi ni pi ti ci ki bi di gi fi vi are read as mji nji pji tji cji kji bji dji gji fji vji. si zi li are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi ɲi].

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i /i/ u /ü/ eu [ɨ] o /o~u/
Mid ae, e /e~ɛ/ oe /ø~œ/ eo [ə] eo /ʌ~ɔ/
Open a /ɐ/

Stress

Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.

Intonation

  • General fall: declarative clauses
  • General rise: dependent clauses
  • Interrogative: interrogative clauses

Dialectology

Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese-speaking countries.

Anbir

Anbir has more dialectal diversity. Some dialects still use the preterite conjugation inherited from Tigol instead of the participle form

Musun

Orthography

Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.

Vocabulary

Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of Swuntsim loanwords. Many Tseer and Windermere loans are considered archaic today.

Morphology

Mutations

Like Ciètian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.

Nouns

Like its close relative Ciètian, Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Standard Anbirese has nominative and genitive cases, but many Anbirese dialects have lost all inflection.

Definite article

Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is

  • eo before nasals and resonants (except /j/): eo mar [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
  • n before other consonants (where it is pronounced /ɨn/) and before vowels (where it is pronounced /n/): n cheozir [ɨn xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; n abeoz [n‿àbə̂z] 'the book'

The above rule operates after the word is mutated for number/gender marking.

TODO: definite article mutations by gender

Definite article
singular plural
m. f. n. m. f. n.
eclipsis lenition no mut. h-prothesis h-prothesis eclipsis
Example eo mpran
'the corner'		 n gkaz
'the language'		 n cheozir
'the flower'		 n prán
'the corners'		 n káz
'the languages'		 eo nghéozir
'the flowers'

Plural nouns

A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.

  • mar /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
  • már /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees

However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:

  • íms /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
  • imseot /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ímseot)

Musunese Anbirese always uses -eot for the plural.

Adjectives

Predicate adjectives are uninflected. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number by mutations.

Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).

TODO: degree

Adjective inflection
singular plural
m. f. n. m. f. n.
eclipsis lenition no mut. no mut. no mut. eclipsis
Example eo nalb nhjangeoban
/ə nawp ɲʰaŋəban/
'the interesting shop'		 n gaz zjangeoban
/ŋ gaz ɹaŋəban/
'the interesting language'		 n cheozir tjangeoban
/ŋ xəʑiɾ tɕaŋəban/
'the interesting flower'		 n θálb tjangeoban
/n tʰǎwp tɕaŋəban/
'the interesting shops'		 n káz tjangeoban
/ŋ k⁼ǎz tɕaŋəban/
'the interesting languages'		 eo nghéozir nhjangeoban
/ə ŋʰɔ̌ʑiɾ ɲʰaŋəban/
'the interesting flowers'
  • Comparative: tjangeobanteo = more interesting
  • Superlative: tjangeobaneob = most interesting

Verbs

Verbs are conservative and similar to Ciètian, with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in Skellan.

Finite verb inflection

All forms of an Anbirese verb are formed from four principal parts:

  1. the present absolute stem
  2. the imperative stem
  3. the past stem
  4. the bare infinitive stem

The forms of an Anbirese verb are the following:

  • Present tense: PRESENT + -i, negative θri + IMPERATIVE
  • Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
  • Future tense: aeb + IMPERATIVE
  • Past tense: PAST + -i; induces split-ergativity
  • Imperative: IMPERATIVE
  • -eod infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
  • bare infinitive: INFINITIVE

There is no aspect distinction.

Non-finite forms

  • The -eod infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
    • with djeobjeol, indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
    • with ok 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing
    • with ast 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the -a infinitive]
  • The bare infinitive is mainly used to construct various deranked clauses, like the Biblical Hebrew infinite construct:
    • with djeo 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
    • with eor 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
    • with nae 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
    • with ok 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
      • Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo doreuk χjang. (be.PRES this much from my do.VN in try one) = This is too much for me to do all at once.
    • with the accusative marker ljeo, indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ljeo-complement clause:
      • ljeo + SUBJECT + a + VERB-a
      • ljeo + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
    • It is also used to form the infinitive absolute.

Split-ergativity

Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.

That is, the subject is marked with the preposition u for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.

Examples:

Transitive verbs

Chabin u na.
eat.PRET ERG 1SG
'I have eaten.'
Chabin u na n sáeng.
eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
'I have eaten the bread.'
A tjéobrjeong u na n kéolsjang cha.
but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
'But I left the glh schanng (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'

Intransitive verbs

Eoseong eo már.
die.PRET DEF tree/PL
'The trees died.'
Farjeogin meo nóγeol chaltan.
return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
'Our dogs finally returned.'


Strong verbs

As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the -eod infinitive by using ablaut.

Copula

Something complicated like Irish

Pronouns

na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, tar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they

There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun fjeor 'thou'.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect for person as in most Talmic languages.

  • ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern Judeo-Anbirese: Aeli na ljeon skuir/lje/ljeo Heojad)
    • ljeona, ljeok, lju, lje, ljeoz, ljam, ljeof, ljeok, ljur
  • djeo = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
    • djeona, djeok, dju, di, djeoz, djam, djeof, djeok, djur
  • rjeo = of
    • (possessed forms are used for emaphsis)
  • nae = with (inst.)
    • naemna, naebeok, naebu, naepi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur
  • ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
    • aemna, aebeok, aebu, aepi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur
  • ljang = around, about
    • ljangna, ljangeok, ljangu, ljanki, ljangeoz, ljangam, ljangeof, ljangeok, ljangur
  • eor = at
    • eorna, eoreok, oru, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur
  • hjel = like
    • hjelna, hjeleok, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur
  • θrjeo = with (comitative)
    • θrina, θrik, θrju, θri, θriz, θrim, θrif, θrik, θrjur
  • eor oed = against
  • ok = from (ok + eo/n > on)
    • ona, okeok, oku, eki, okeoz, okam, okeof, okeok, okur

Conjunctions

  • eok = and
  • nu = xor

Numerals

Cardinal

1-10 = chjang, tjedeor, nask, tob, sol, stang, rvaz, laz, paer, ngjor

11, 12, ... = jagjeong, xnae, nask ljang ngjor, tob ljang ngjor, etc.

Ordinal

chjameor, rjebjeor, naskeor, tobeor, soljeor, stangeor, rvazeor, lazeor, paerpeor, ngjoreor, jagjeor, xnaeëor, nask ljang ngjor-eor, etc.

Derivational morphology

Native

  • -a = verbalizer
  • ba- = sub-
  • -eod = nominalizer
  • -jeond/-eond = nominalizer
  • -eog = nominalizer
  • -leon = nominalizer of adjectives
  • mi- = mis-, pseudo-

Foreign

  • ing- = verbalizer (Wdm.)
  • bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)

Syntax

More: Anbirese/Syntax

Sample texts

From H2G2

N jangtal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Toglaïn un san mje lib eom ngvad eos aesjeong e eor fjen djeon daki sjeod nhoreuk nknjet.
/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib ɔm ŋwad əs ɛɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧət nuɾük ŋnjet/
the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing this very person/PL many and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as turn bad.
The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.

UDHR

Darkjeori ba h-eom djeo hsjeok eos blje naen fraechleod eos naen meorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen mabrin eos naen stvarnga, eos pjeol eorur, djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon aeb h-eosrag.
/daɾtɕəɾi ba hɔm dʑə ɧɔk əs bje nen fɾexləd əs nen mɔɾʲənd. uɧənin har nen mabɾin əs nen stwaɾŋa, əs pʲɔl ɔɾüɾ dʑə skɾatən dʑə jeswaɾ njezəkʟən eb hɔsɾag/
be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood LJEO act.
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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