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Koǧa was part of the Caliphate of Córdoba from early on and developed as an exceptionally tolerant multicultural haven, offering the greatest protection and coexistence for Jews and Christians anywhere in the empire.  Extended exposure to Classical Arabic, not merely rural dialects. Jewish linguistic influence (e.g., Hebrew calques, Semitic syntax transfers, or Judeo-Romance variants). Christian Latin continuity via protected ecclesiastical communities and monastic scribes. An intellectual center for translation, scientific synthesis, and lexical borrowing in philosophy, agriculture, medicine, and jurisprudence.
Koǧa was part of the Caliphate of Córdoba from early on and developed as an exceptionally tolerant multicultural haven, offering the greatest protection and coexistence for Jews and Christians anywhere in the empire.  Extended exposure to Classical Arabic, not merely rural dialects. Jewish linguistic influence (e.g., Hebrew calques, Semitic syntax transfers, or Judeo-Romance variants). Christian Latin continuity via protected ecclesiastical communities and monastic scribes. An intellectual center for translation, scientific synthesis, and lexical borrowing in philosophy, agriculture, medicine, and jurisprudence.


== Historical Background of Caudia ==
== Historical Timeline of the Koǧan Language ==


The island of Caudia (endonym: Koǧa) occupies a unique position in the Romance-speaking world. Located in the western Mediterranean, equidistant from Ibiza, Algiers, and Cagliari, Caudia developed in partial isolation yet maintained sustained maritime contact with several major cultural centers. Its linguistic history reflects a sequence of layered influences, beginning with Roman colonization and extending through a complex legacy of religious, political, and intellectual exchange. The result is a Romance language of singular character, deeply shaped by Semitic and Hellenistic overlays, yet structurally descended from Vulgar Latin.
This timeline outlines the development of Koǧan as a Romance language shaped by prolonged contact with Semitic and Hellenistic cultures. Each phase is marked by linguistic evolution, historical events, and the emergence of layered registers.


=== I. Late Roman and Early Post-Roman Period ===
=== I. Late Roman and Early Post-Roman Period (c. 200–700 CE) ===
''Linguistic Phase: Proto-Koǧan''


During the late Roman Empire, Caudia was settled by a community of Latin-speaking provincials with strong ties to the eastern Mediterranean. Archaeological and textual evidence suggest that the early Caudian population may have included a substantial Jewish demographic, either as voluntary migrants or as resettled populations following the destruction of the Second Temple and later Roman crackdowns. These settlers brought with them not only Latin but also a background in Koine Greek, Hebrew, and the legalistic registers of Classical education.
During this time, Koǧa was settled by Latin-speaking provincials from the eastern Mediterranean. The population likely included Jews resettled after the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE). These settlers brought Latin, Koine Greek, Hebrew, and Classical education.


The variety of Latin spoken on Caudia diverged early from continental Vulgar Latin. While it maintained the phonological shifts typical of spoken Latin (e.g., syncope, monophthongization), the syntactic and lexical profile of early Caudian Latin bore traces of its learned origins:
Key features:
* Early divergence from continental Vulgar Latin.
* Lexical influence from Koine Greek and Hebrew.
* Syntactic conservatism due to Classical education and Hebraic influence.
* Formation of a hybrid Latin variant: '''Proto-Koǧan'''.


* Lexical borrowings from Greek and Hebrew entered at an early stage.
===  II. Islamic Period: Integration into al-Andalus (c. 711–1100 CE) ===
* Certain Classical Latin archaisms, particularly in legal and rhetorical constructions, were preserved in fossilized forms.
''Linguistic Phase: Early Koǧan''
* Syntax exhibited conservatism in verbal periphrases and pronoun usage, possibly influenced by scriptural Hebrew and ecclesiastical Latin.


This substratum, referred to by linguists as Proto-Koǧan, laid the foundation for later development. It is best viewed as a peripheral but not isolated offshoot of Proto-Romance, exhibiting both conservatism and early hybridization.
After 711 CE, Caudia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate, later governed by Córdoba. The island remained an intellectual and mercantile enclave with exceptional religious tolerance.


=== II. Islamic Period: Integration into al-Andalus ===
Key features:
* Extensive Arabic borrowing (philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence, etc.).
* Borrowings show adaptation to Koǧan phonotactics; lack of Arabic definite article ''al-''.
* Use of Classical Arabic (''fuṣḥā'') over Maghrebi vernacular.
* Koǧa as a translation hub (Latin, Arabic, Hebrew), fostering a trilingual elite.


In the early 8th century CE, Caudia was absorbed into the expanding Umayyad Caliphate, and subsequently became an overseas dependency of the Emirate, later Caliphate, of Córdoba. Owing to its small size and strategic position, Caudia functioned less as a military outpost and more as an intellectual and mercantile enclave. Its ports hosted traders, translators, and jurists; its inland monasteries and zawiyas (زوايا) became centers of scholarship and religious dialogue.
===  III. Post-Andalusian Period: Semi-Autonomous Continuity (c. 1100–1500 CE) ===
''Linguistic Phase: Classical Koǧan''


During this period, Caudia acquired a reputation for exceptional religious tolerance. Jewish, Christian, and Muslim communities coexisted under the relatively lenient dhimmi system, with Jewish communities in particular enjoying a degree of autonomy and prestige rarely matched elsewhere in the Islamic world. Koǧan oral traditions record this period as a "golden age" of letters.
Caudia avoided full integration into the Christian Reconquista, instead passing between Genoese, Pisan, and Aragonese control. Muslim and Jewish institutions survived well beyond their suppression elsewhere.


The impact on the language was profound:
Key features:
* Arabic loanwords entered in significant numbers, particularly in domains such as philosophy, jurisprudence, medicine, agriculture, architecture, and administration.
* Koǧan became a lingua franca for interfaith communication.
* Unlike Iberian Romance languages, Arabic borrowings were typically adopted without the definite article al-, a sign of the Caudians’ familiarity with Arabic morphology and semantics. Thus, mufada (pillow) rather than almufada, or zawija (monastery) rather than alzawija.
* Renewed Latin influence via liturgical and legal texts.
* Arabic borrowings were often morphologically integrated into native derivational patterns, and show consistent phonological adaptation to Koǧan phonotactics.
* Increased specialization of Arabic/Hebrew loanwords.
* The variety of Arabic spoken on the island was closer to Classical Arabic (fuṣḥā) than to Maghrebi vernaculars, further differentiating Caudian Arabic from that of the Iberian Peninsula.
* Formal registers of Koǧan emerge: '''Classical Koǧan'''.


This period also witnessed the rise of Caudia as a translation center, where Hebrew exegetes, Latin scribes, and Arabic philosophers worked in tandem to produce multilingual treatises. This tri-scriptural culture left a permanent imprint on Koǧan lexicon and discourse style.
===  IV. Early Modern Period and Koǧan Standardization (c. 1500–1800 CE) ===
''Linguistic Phase: Late Koǧan''


=== III. Post-Andalusian Period: Semi-Autonomous Continuity ===
With the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from the mainland, Caudia once again became a refuge. Maritime contact with Catalonia and Italy increased.


The island's relationship to the Christian Reconquista was anomalous. While Caudia formally came under the suzerainty of various Christian polities (at various times Pisa, Aragon, or Genoa), it was rarely subjected to direct ecclesiastical or military control. As such, Caudia remained culturally hybrid, and retained both Arabic and Hebrew institutions long after their suppression on the mainland.
Key features:
* Gradual orthographic Latinization.
* Diglossia between vernacular and elevated liturgical/literary forms.
* Phonological hypercorrection among urban elites.
* Legal and literary prose in Koǧan expanded.


During this period, Latin liturgical practices reasserted themselves, particularly in coastal cathedrals and episcopal centers. However, these coexisted with enduring Muslim and Jewish communities. The vernacular Koǧan language became the principal vehicle of interfaith communication, absorbing and transmitting the philosophical, legal, and agricultural terminologies of the three traditions.
===  V. Modern Era: Revival and Codification (c. 1800–Present) ===
''Linguistic Phase: Modern Koǧan''


The linguistic consequences included:
In response to European linguistic pressures, Koǧa witnessed cultural revival efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries. Language preservation became tied to regional identity.
* Continued but more selective lexical borrowing from Latin and emerging Ibero-Romance varieties.
* Increased semantic specialization in loanwords — e.g., Arabic terms retained specific technical senses.
* Preservation of older grammatical constructions due to textual conservatism in religious and legal documents.
* Emergence of a prestige dialect among urban literati, with phonological hypercorrections and borrowings from ecclesiastical Latin.


=== IV. Linguistic Summary ===
Key features:
 
* Standardized orthography and grammar.
The Koǧan language as it exists today is thus the product of a deeply stratified linguistic ecology, in which:
* Institutional support for Koǧan education and literature.
* Proto-Romance provides the grammatical skeleton.
* Literary revival of Koǧan poetry, especially in religious contexts.
* Classical Latin and Koine Greek supply archaisms and syntactic conservatism.
* Expansion of vocabulary to include modern domains (science, politics, etc.).
* Hebrew contributes both lexical items and subtle syntactic calques, particularly in parallelism and discourse structure.
* Arabic offers a rich stratum of vocabulary and intellectual idioms, stripped of folk transmission markers such as definite articles.
* Ecclesiastical Latin in the post-Reconquista era reaffirms certain nominal and participial structures in formal contexts.
 
The resulting language is Romance at its core, but notably non-European in its evolution — a Romance language that grew up not under the shadow of Charlemagne or Castile, but under the dome of Córdoba and the scrolls of Tiberias.


===  Summary Table ===


{| class="wikitable"
! Period !! Dates !! Linguistic Phase !! Summary
|-
| Late Roman & Early Post-Roman || c. 200–700 CE || '''Proto-Koǧan''' || Latin base with Greek and Hebrew overlay; early divergence from continental Romance
|-
| Islamic Period || c. 711–1100 CE || '''Early Koǧan''' || Arabic scholarly vocabulary; Classical Arabic influence; trilingual elite
|-
| Christian Suzerainty || c. 1100–1500 CE || '''Classical Koǧan''' || Liturgical Latin influence; Koǧan becomes standard vernacular of educated classes
|-
| Early Modern Contact || c. 1500–1800 CE || '''Late Koǧan''' || Increased Romance contact (Catalan, Genoese); grammar codification begins
|-
| Modern Revival || c. 1800–Present || '''Modern Koǧan''' || Literary and institutional revival; vocabulary expansion; prestige planning
|}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==

Revision as of 02:46, 29 May 2025

Aspect Details
Name *Caudia*, from Latin *cauda* "tail" — a metaphor for “tail-end” of Latinity
Location Southeast of the Balearics, equidistant from Ibiza, Algiers, and Cagliari
Size Roughly 120 km long, mountainous interior, coastal plains
Geological Origin Volcanic + limestone; freshwater aquifers, arable valleys
Climate Mediterranean; olive, fig, almond, and cereal agriculture
Historical Timeline Phoenician colony, Muslim conquest, Cordoban/Andalusian territory, later than Reconquista,

Koǧa was part of the Caliphate of Córdoba from early on and developed as an exceptionally tolerant multicultural haven, offering the greatest protection and coexistence for Jews and Christians anywhere in the empire. Extended exposure to Classical Arabic, not merely rural dialects. Jewish linguistic influence (e.g., Hebrew calques, Semitic syntax transfers, or Judeo-Romance variants). Christian Latin continuity via protected ecclesiastical communities and monastic scribes. An intellectual center for translation, scientific synthesis, and lexical borrowing in philosophy, agriculture, medicine, and jurisprudence.

Historical Timeline of the Koǧan Language

This timeline outlines the development of Koǧan as a Romance language shaped by prolonged contact with Semitic and Hellenistic cultures. Each phase is marked by linguistic evolution, historical events, and the emergence of layered registers.

I. Late Roman and Early Post-Roman Period (c. 200–700 CE)

Linguistic Phase: Proto-Koǧan

During this time, Koǧa was settled by Latin-speaking provincials from the eastern Mediterranean. The population likely included Jews resettled after the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE). These settlers brought Latin, Koine Greek, Hebrew, and Classical education.

Key features:

  • Early divergence from continental Vulgar Latin.
  • Lexical influence from Koine Greek and Hebrew.
  • Syntactic conservatism due to Classical education and Hebraic influence.
  • Formation of a hybrid Latin variant: Proto-Koǧan.

II. Islamic Period: Integration into al-Andalus (c. 711–1100 CE)

Linguistic Phase: Early Koǧan

After 711 CE, Caudia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate, later governed by Córdoba. The island remained an intellectual and mercantile enclave with exceptional religious tolerance.

Key features:

  • Extensive Arabic borrowing (philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence, etc.).
  • Borrowings show adaptation to Koǧan phonotactics; lack of Arabic definite article al-.
  • Use of Classical Arabic (fuṣḥā) over Maghrebi vernacular.
  • Koǧa as a translation hub (Latin, Arabic, Hebrew), fostering a trilingual elite.

III. Post-Andalusian Period: Semi-Autonomous Continuity (c. 1100–1500 CE)

Linguistic Phase: Classical Koǧan

Caudia avoided full integration into the Christian Reconquista, instead passing between Genoese, Pisan, and Aragonese control. Muslim and Jewish institutions survived well beyond their suppression elsewhere.

Key features:

  • Koǧan became a lingua franca for interfaith communication.
  • Renewed Latin influence via liturgical and legal texts.
  • Increased specialization of Arabic/Hebrew loanwords.
  • Formal registers of Koǧan emerge: Classical Koǧan.

IV. Early Modern Period and Koǧan Standardization (c. 1500–1800 CE)

Linguistic Phase: Late Koǧan

With the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from the mainland, Caudia once again became a refuge. Maritime contact with Catalonia and Italy increased.

Key features:

  • Gradual orthographic Latinization.
  • Diglossia between vernacular and elevated liturgical/literary forms.
  • Phonological hypercorrection among urban elites.
  • Legal and literary prose in Koǧan expanded.

V. Modern Era: Revival and Codification (c. 1800–Present)

Linguistic Phase: Modern Koǧan

In response to European linguistic pressures, Koǧa witnessed cultural revival efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries. Language preservation became tied to regional identity.

Key features:

  • Standardized orthography and grammar.
  • Institutional support for Koǧan education and literature.
  • Literary revival of Koǧan poetry, especially in religious contexts.
  • Expansion of vocabulary to include modern domains (science, politics, etc.).

Summary Table

Period Dates Linguistic Phase Summary
Late Roman & Early Post-Roman c. 200–700 CE Proto-Koǧan Latin base with Greek and Hebrew overlay; early divergence from continental Romance
Islamic Period c. 711–1100 CE Early Koǧan Arabic scholarly vocabulary; Classical Arabic influence; trilingual elite
Christian Suzerainty c. 1100–1500 CE Classical Koǧan Liturgical Latin influence; Koǧan becomes standard vernacular of educated classes
Early Modern Contact c. 1500–1800 CE Late Koǧan Increased Romance contact (Catalan, Genoese); grammar codification begins
Modern Revival c. 1800–Present Modern Koǧan Literary and institutional revival; vocabulary expansion; prestige planning

Phonology

Forms that differ from IPA are shown in bold. Most allophony occurs intervocalically.

Koǧan Consonant Phonemes
Manner \ Place Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal /m/ /n /ɲ/ ñ
Stop (voiceless) /p/ /t~θ/ t /k/
Stop (voiced) /b/ /d~ð/ d /g~ɣ̞/
Fricative (voiceless) /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ x /x~h~ɦ/ h
Fricative (voiced) /v/ /z/ /ʒ/ zh
Affricate /tʃ/ c
Affricate /dʒ/ ǧ
Lateral approximant /l/ /ʎ/ ll
Approximant /ɾ/ r /ʝ/ j
Trill /r/ rr

Voicing spreads in consonant cluster, and is usually written. h voices intervocalically. Men tend to velarize it as /x/, while /h/ is typically viewed as more feminine.

Koǧan Vowel Phonemes
Height \ Backness Front Central Back
High /i/ /u/
Mid-high (close-mid) /e/ (/ǝ/) /o/
Mid-low (open-mid) /ɛ/ è /ɔ/ ò
Low /a/

Schwa is found in rushed speech and apocopated syllables.

Traits

Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan and Aragonese. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages. It also has many conservative vocabulary items in common with Sardinian.

  • Romance initial f- is preserved, e.g. fīlium > fillo ('son', Sp. hijo, Cat. fill, Pt. filho).
  • cl-, fl-, pl- are never preserved, becoming zh-, x-, br-.
  • Romance palatal approximant (ge-, gi-, i-) consistently became medieval [ʒ], unlike medieval Catalan and Portuguese.
  • Romance groups -lt-, -ct- result in [jt], e.g. factum > fèjto ('done', Sp. hecho, Cat. fet, Gal./Port. feito), multum > mwito ('many, much', Sp. mucho, Cat. molt, Gal. moito, Port. muito).
  • Romance groups -x-, -ps-, scj- result in voiceless palatal fricative 'sj [ʃ], e.g. coxu > koxo ('crippled', Sp. cojo, Cat. coix), ipse > èxe, scientia > exènca.
  • Romance groups -lj-, -c'l-, -t'l- result in palatal lateral lj [ʎ], e.g. muliere > muller ('woman', Sp. mujer, Cat. muller), acuc'la > agulla ('needle', Sp. aguja, Cat. agulla).
  • Open o, e from Romance result systematically in diphthongs [we], [je], e.g. vet'la > vièlla ('old woman', Sp. vieja, Cat. vella, Pt. velha). This includes before a palatal approximant, e.g. octō > wèjto ('eight', Sp. ocho, Cat. vuit, Pt. oito). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan only diphthongizes before yod. Koǧan is unique in the uniformity of these changes.
  • Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ lenite to approximants [β, ð, ɣ] intervocalically.
  • Loss of neither final unstressed -e nor -o, e.g. grande > grande ('big'), factum > fèjto ('done'). Catalan loses both -e and -o (Cat. gran, fet); Spanish preserves -o and sometimes -e (Sp. hecho, gran ~ grande). Aragonese loses -e but not -o.
  • Unlike Spanish and Aragonese, voiced sibilants do not become voiceless.
  • The palatal /j/ is often realized as a fricative [ʝ].
  • Latin -b- became -v- in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: teneva, teniva ('he had', Sp. tenía, Cat. tenia), dormiva ('he was sleeping', Sp. dormía, Cat. dormia).
  • Voicing of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. cletam > zheda ('sheep hurdle', Cat. cleda, Fr. claie), cuculliatam > koguljada ('crested lark', Sp. cogujada, Cat. cogullada).
  • Latin geminate -ll- became [ʎ].
  • Initial [r] is trilled. Latin geminate [rr] is also preserved.
  • Latin [nn] and [ni] became ñ.
  • Like English and unlike Spanish, word-final vowels followed by word-initial vowels get a glottal stop inserted.

Stress is assumed to be penultimate. Other locations are marked with an acute.

Nouns

Gender Markers Examples Notes
Masculine -ò, -e librò, kwò Default for most Latin-derived nouns
Feminine -a, -è taza, mira Inherited from Latin -a and Arabic -ah
Ambiguous/loan -consonant saxan, xiber, kativ Gender marked only via articles/clitics

Plural Formation

Singular Ending Plural Ending Example (Sing.) Example (Pl.) Notes
Vowel (a, e, ò, è, o, u) -s taza tazas Add -s directly to vowel-final nouns
Consonant -es saxan saxanes Insert epenthetic -e- for ease of pronunciation
Irregular Varies midraxa midraxot Certain inherited or borrowed nouns are irregular


Articles

Definite Articles

Gender Singular Plural Etymology/Notes
Masculine al als Arabic al- + Romance plural -s
Feminine la las from Latin illa

Indefinite Articles

Gender Singular Plural Etymology/Notes
Masculine un uns Latin unus
Feminine una unas Latin una

als and uns tend to assimilate the voicing of the following head now, i.e. /alz/ or /unz/ vs /al̥s/ or /un̥s/


Pronouns

Number Person Politeness Nom. Acc. Dat. Obl. Poss. Clitic Acc. Clitic Dat.
Singular 1 - zhè me mi mi/ma/mes/mas -me -mi
2 Informal tu te ti ti/ta/tes/tas -te -ti
3m - èl so si se/sa/ses/sas -se -si
3f - èlla lo li le/lua/les/luas -le li
Plural 1 - nos nov nòsce/nòca/nòsces/nòscas -nos -ni
2 Informal vos vov vèsce/vèsca/vèsces/vèscas -vos -vi
3 - èls los lis lor/lar/lors/lars -les lis
Both 2 Formal antu - lèkum kum paraph -kum -ki

Two clitics both attaching to a verb is possible. If there are two, dative always precedes accusative, e.g. da-mi-le "give me her".

Another important pronoun is es. It reflexive without person or number, clitic or independent, dative or accusative.

Verbs

Verbs inflect for synthetic Present, Imperfect, Preterite, (plain) Future, Subjunctive, and Preterite Subjunctive.

There are also many periphrastic verb forms:

  1. "have" + inf = intentional future
  2. "stand" + gerund = present continuous
  3. "have" + estat + gerund = perfect continuous
  • -ar class -> active, from -āre, e.g. kantar 'to sing'
  • -èr class -> active, from -ēre, e.g. temer 'to fear'
  • -ir class -> inchoative, from -īre, e.g. dormir 'to sleep'
  • -òr class -> mediopassive, from -or, e.g. moròr 'to die', lavòr 'to bathe (oneself)'. Amazingly, new verbs enter this category, such as umidékor "to get wet"

For -ar, present indicative active: -o, -as, -a(zh), -am, -ac, -an. -èr is -o, -ès, -è(zh), -èm, -èc, -èm. -ir is -o, -is, -i(zh), -im, -ic, -im. -òr is -o, -us, -u(zh), -um, -uc, -um. -ò- appears in other stems.

Person Present Imperfect Preterite Synthetic Future Periphrastic Future
1sg kanto kantèva kantê kantarê avo kantar
2sg kantas kantèvas kantás kantarás avas kantar
3f kanta kantèva kantá kantará ava kantar
3m kantazh kantèvazh kantázh kantarázh avazh kantar
1pl kantam kantèvam kantam kantarèm avam kantar
2pl kantac kantèvac kantac kantarèc avac kantar
3pl kantan kantèvan kantàron kantaràn avan kantar
Person Present Subjunctive Preterite Subjunctive Conditional
1sg kantje kantèse volria kantar
2sg kantjes kantèses volrias kantar
3f kantje kantèse volria kantar
3m kantjezh kantèsezh volriazh kantar
1pl kantjem kantèsem volriam kantar
2pl kantjec kantèsec volriac kantar
3pl kantjen kantèsen volrian kantar

Imper.

  • 2sg: kanta!
  • 2pl: kantac!
  • 3sg: kantje!
  • 3pl: kantan! (or kantjen!
  • Negative forms use subjunctive:
    • non kantjes
    • non kantjec
    • non kantje
    • non kantjen
  • Infinitive: kantar
  • Past participle: kantat
  • Gerund: kantant
  • Present participle: kantanto (used adjectivally)
  • Perfect participle: kantat

Specific Verbs

estar "stand"

  • estíc, estás, está, estázh, estám, estác, están
  • perfect participle = estat

ser "to be"

  • so, sas, es, ezh, som, sac, son

e "to have" - only for auxiliary usage

  • e, as, a (azh), em, ec, an

avo "to have" - only used for "used to"

  • avo, avè, avè (avèzh), avèm, avèc, avèn

Grammar

SVO, except in formal register VSO

Sound Changes

Stress followed Latin rules: penultimate if heavy, otherwise antepenultimate. Write latin c as k. Write latin qu as kw.

Vowels

  • a,ā -> a
  • e -> è
  • ē -> e
  • o -> ò
  • ō -> o
  • ī, i -> i
  • ū, u -> u
  • 'è -> jè (stressed)
  • 'ò -> wè (stressed)

Palatalization

  • li,ll -> ll
  • di, de -> ǧ
  • tiV, teV -> cV
  • trV -> cV
  • drV -> ǧV
  • lt -> jt
  • gn -> ñ
  • cl -> zh
  • ViV -> VzhV
  • fl -> x
  • gl -> ll

Lenition

  • V[bdg]V -> V[vðh]V (not written for ð)
  • V[ptk]V -> V[bdg]V
  • medial kw (Latin qu) -> hw
  • initial and intervocalic ß (latin v)-> gw

Cluster

  • pl -> br
  • kr stays
  • de-geminate all except rr, ll
  • skr -> ehw
  • sp -> esp
  • str -> ec
  • st -> est

rhotic

  • initial r -> rr
  • [lns]r -> [lns]rr (and old geminates)

Late

  • snobs say ʁ instead of r
  • Arabic ð written dh
  • Arabic ṯ written th

Passages

North Wind

  • La Tramutaña j'al Sol kontendègwan kwo de èls era mazhòr.

Rerum Novarum

Language Text
Latin Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Rerum novarum semel excitata cupiditate, quae diu societatem commovit, illud fere consequens erat, ut hominum mentes ad res novas cogitationes appellerentur: unde factum est ut ex una parte homines, qui opibus praestarent, eas veluti ius suum esse contenderent, nulla in re aut divino aut humano iuri obnoxias; ex altera vero parte ut opifices, inopia et duriore condicione pressati, id unum quaererent, ut se ab eiusmodi servitute omnino expediant. Quae res eos, vel invita, in easdem sententias et consilia impulerunt, quae socialismi nomine vulgo appellantur; siquidem facilius est animis eorum persuadere, eas opes, quae iniquitate et iniuria coacervatae sint, ita in commune deduci posse, ut iis, qui nulla re praediti sint, pro sua parte prosint. Verum haec omnia, quae hucusque a socialistis proposita sunt, tametsi in speciem alliciant, nihil aliud ostendunt, nisi falsas rationes et inefficaces ad id, quod spectant; immo vero talia remedia longe peiora sunt morbis, quae sanare velle videntur.
Spanish Salud y Bendición Apostólica. Una vez despertado el deseo de cosas nuevas, que desde hace tiempo agita a la sociedad, era casi inevitable que los ánimos de los hombres se inclinaran hacia nuevas ideas: de aquí resultó que, por una parte, los que poseían riquezas las defendieran como si fueran un derecho suyo, no sujeto en nada a la ley divina ni humana; y por otra, que los obreros, oprimidos por la miseria y una condición más dura, solo buscaran librarse completamente de tal servidumbre. Esto los llevó, incluso contra su voluntad, a abrazar aquellas opiniones y proyectos que comúnmente se llaman socialismo; pues es más fácil persuadir a sus almas que esas riquezas, acumuladas por la iniquidad y la injusticia, podrían distribuirse en común para beneficiar, según su parte, a aquellos que nada poseen. Pero todas estas propuestas de los socialistas, aunque parezcan atractivas a primera vista, no muestran más que razones falsas e ineficaces para lograr su propósito; antes bien, tales remedios son mucho peores que los males que pretenden curar.
Catalan Salut i Benedicció Apostòlica. Una vegada despertada la set de coses noves, que fa temps que agita la societat, era gairebé inevitable que els ànims dels homes es decantessin cap a noves idees: d’aquí va resultar que, d’una banda, els qui posseïen riqueses les defensessin com si fossin un dret seu, no sotmès a cap llei divina ni humana; i de l’altra, que els treballadors, oprimits per la misèria i una condició més dura, només cerquessin alliberar-se completament d’aquesta servitud. Això els va portar, fins i tot contra la seva voluntat, a abraçar aquelles opinions i projectes que s’anomenen comunament socialisme; perquè és més fàcil convèncer els seus esperits que aquestes riqueses, acumulades amb iniquitat i injustícia, podrien repartir-se en comú per beneficiar, segons la seva part, els qui no tenen res.
Italian Salute e Benedizione Apostolica. Una volta suscitata la brama di cose nuove, che da tempo turba la società, era quasi inevitabile che gli animi degli uomini si volgessero a nuove idee: ne è derivato che, da una parte, coloro che possedevano ricchezze le rivendicassero come un loro diritto, non soggetto in nulla alla legge divina o umana; dall’altra, che i lavoratori, oppressi dalla miseria e da una condizione più dura, cercassero unicamente di liberarsi completamente da tale servitù. Ciò li ha spinti, anche contro la loro volontà, ad abbracciare quelle opinioni e quei progetti che vengono comunemente chiamati socialismo; poiché è più facile persuadere le loro menti che tali ricchezze, accumulate con iniquità e ingiustizia, possano essere distribuite in comune, così da giovare, secondo la loro parte, a coloro che nulla possiedono. Ma tutte queste proposte dei socialisti, benché a prima vista sembrino allettanti, non dimostrano altro che ragionamenti falsi e inefficaci per il fine che si propongono; anzi, tali rimedi sono di gran lunga peggiori dei mali che pretendono di sanare.
Kodzjan Salut i Benedikzhon Apostòlika. Una gwegada despertat al xok de kosas nwèvas, kwe fa tèm agita la soxedat, èra kwazi inegwitabile kwe las animas dals òmes se gwolvòsen verz unas idèzhas nwevas:
  1. Koǧan/Swadesh
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