Ris/Morphology

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The Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.



Verbal

Conjugation

Main article: Ris conjugation

The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.

First paradigm

The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".


káter - to write
Supine kátremas
Participle katrántas
Indicative Subjunctive Jussive Imperative
Perfective kátero katérra katerévo káterra
Imperfective káterto1 katérratha kateréutho2 katérratha
Inceptive hékatro hékatra hékatrevo hékatra
Cessative kateráskho katérraskha katerépso katérraskha
Causative kátrizo katérraza kátreuzo katérraza
Iterative kékatro hékhatra kékatrevo hékhatra


thýo - to want
Supine thýemas
Participle thyantás
Indicative Subjunctive Jussive Imperative
Perfective thýo thýna thýevo thýnta
Imperfective thýgio1 thýnagia thyéugio2 thýnagia
Inceptive héthyo héthyna héthynevo héthynta
Cessative thýaskho thynáskha thýepso thynáskha
Causative thýazo thýnaza thýeuzo thýnaza
Iterative téthyo héthyna héthyo héthynta


rásto - to destroy
Supine rástmas
Participle rástantas
Indicative Subjunctive Jussive Imperative
Perfective rásto rástna rástevo rástna
Imperfective rástēo1 rástnēa rástēvo2 rástnēa
Inceptive herástēo herástnēa herástēvo herástnēa
Cessative rástaskho rástnaskha rástepso rástnaskha
Causative rástizo rástniza rástneuzo rásniza
Iterative rerásto hérrasta rerástevo hérrasta

Pronouns

Declension

Independent

Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.

Enclitic

Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an apellative noun.

The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.

  • If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.
  • The object is always in the patientive.

The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or jussive moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the subjunctive or imperative.


Ris pronominal enclitics
singular dual plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative (and jussive)
Subject Patientive -o -i -a -on -in -an -ouna -ia -asi
Agentive -ōn -īn -en -ōne -īne -ene -ounen -ien -asīn
Object Patientive -mi -s -i -min -ns -in -mou -tsa -as
Subjunctive (and imperative)
Subject Patientive -a -ei -ai -an -ēn -en -ouna -ia -asi
Agentive -en -ēn -ēn -ene -ēne -ēne -ounen -ien -asīn
Object Patientive -mi -s -i -min -ns -in -mou -tsa -as

Nominal

The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes.

Declension

Main article: Ris declension
Declension of gýtē
Animate marked collective
ma.an gýtē - fish
singulative dual-collective plurative
Patientive gýtē gytḗn gytḗr
Agentive gytḗr gytḗrne gytḗra
Dative gytḗs gytḗnse gytḗi
Instrumental gytḗn gytḗnne gytḗs
Genitive gýtēa gýtēan gytēái
Locative gýtēia gýtēian gýtēiar
Vocative gýta gýtan gytár


Number

Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.

The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.

Singulative

The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.

thýo trḗma mnío klī́ta mna íntrai pákima ḗs?
/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/ /ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/ /ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
thý -o trḗ -ma mní -o klī́ta mna ín- -trai paki- -ma ḗs
to want -ind.prfv.1.sg.m wheat.unm.inan -pat.sg to see -ind.prfv.1.sg.m wolf.ma.an.pat.sg one to be -subj.prfv.1.sg.m time.unm.inan -pat.sg you.2.dat.sg.an.
I want a grain of wheat. I see a wolf. Do you have a minute?