IPA for Zjiiama Knrawi: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "The charts below show the way in which the IPA represents Zjiiama Knrawi pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see Help:IPA. This page is only for the variety of Knrawi spoken on Zjiiama Island, for other varieties see Knrawi IPA guides. {{IPA keys}} {| style="b...")
 
m (replaced: Knrawi IPA guides → Knrawi IPA keys (3))
 
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The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents Zjiiama [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[w:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].
The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] represents Zjiiama [[Knrawi]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see [[w:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].


This page is only for the variety of Knrawi spoken on Zjiiama Island, for other varieties see [[:Category:Knrawi IPA guides|Knrawi IPA guides]].
This page is only for the variety of Knrawi spoken on Zjiiama Island. For other varieties see [[:Category:Knrawi IPA keys|Knrawi IPA keys]].


{{IPA keys}}
{{IPA keys}}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
|-
|-
Line 16: Line 12:
! colspan=4| [[w:Consonant|Consonants]]
! colspan=4| [[w:Consonant|Consonants]]
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|β}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|f}}</big>
|{{term|vuin|'''v'''uin}}
|corner
|aga'''v'''e ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ð}}</big>
|{{term|tjer|tje'''r'''}}
|soft
|'''th'''ey
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɸ}}</big>
|{{term|huf|hu'''f'''}}
|{{term|huf|hu'''f'''}}
|small
|small
|あい'''ふ'''く ([[w:Japanese language|Japanese]])
|'''f'''ace
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɸʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|fʰ}}</big>
|{{term|ufh|u'''fh'''}}
|{{term|ufh|u'''fh'''}}
|middle
|middle
|あい'''ふ'''く ([[w:Japanese language|Japanese]])
|'''f'''ace
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɸˣ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|fˣ}}</big>
|{{term|fjmm|'''fj'''mm}}
|{{term|fjmm|'''fj'''mm}}
|to hold
|to hold
|あい'''ふ'''く ([[w:Japanese language|Japanese]])
|'''f'''ace
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɣ}}</big>
|{{term|ay|a'''y'''}}
|red
|a'''g'''ave ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɣˀ}}</big>
|{{term|mupyy|mup'''yy'''}}
|wrong
|a'''g'''ave ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɣʷ}}</big>
|{{term|iciui|ici'''u'''i}}
|hermit
|a'''gu'''a ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|h}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|h}}</big>
Line 51: Line 52:
|'''y'''et
|'''y'''et
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɉ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʝ}}</big>
|{{term|aythá|a'''y'''thá}}
|{{term|yui|yu'''i'''}}
|jasper
|honey
|se'''gu'''ir ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|ra'''y'''o ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k̟}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k}}</big>
|{{term|tjic|tji'''c'''}}
|to cook
|s'''k'''i
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k̟ʰ}}</big>
|{{term|chuh|'''ch'''uh}}
|raw
|'''k'''ey
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k̠}}</big>
|{{term|hyk|hy'''k'''}}
|{{term|hyk|hy'''k'''}}
|sugarcane
|sugarcane
|s'''c'''out
|s'''c'''out
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k̠ʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʰ}}</big>
|{{term|nkh|n'''kh'''}}
|{{term|nkh|n'''kh'''}}
|far
|far
|'''c'''ow
|'''c'''ow
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|k̠ˣ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kˣ}}</big>
|{{term|kja|'''kj'''a}}
|{{term|kja|'''kj'''a}}
|sand
|sand
|'''c'''ow
|'''c'''ow
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʲ}}</big>
|{{term|tjic|tji'''c'''}}
|to cook
|s'''k'''i
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʲʰ}}</big>
|{{term|chin|'''ch'''in}}
|song
|'''k'''ey
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʲˣ}}</big>
|{{term|cji|'''cj'''i}}
|black
|'''k'''ey
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʷ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|kʷ}}</big>
Line 99: Line 105:
|{{term|iim|ii'''m'''}}
|{{term|iim|ii'''m'''}}
|because
|because
|'''m'''an
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|mˀ}}</big>
|{{term|mm̀|'''mm̀'''}}
|to steal
|'''m'''an
|'''m'''an
|-
|-
Line 106: Line 117:
|'''n'''ot
|'''n'''ot
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|n̪}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|nˀ}}</big>
|{{term|zjna|zj'''n'''a}}
|{{term|guváan|guvá'''an'''}}
|away
|event
|a'''n'''them
|'''n'''ot
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|n̠}}</big>
|{{term|cjni|cj'''n'''i}}
|to stand
|ra'''n'''ch
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ}}</big>
Line 121: Line 127:
|sa'''ng'''
|sa'''ng'''
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ̟}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋˀ}}</big>
|{{term|chgag|ch'''g'''ag}}
|{{term|suiggi|sui'''gg'''i}}
|to hear
|back
|si'''ng'''
|sa'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ̠}}</big>
|{{term|jgr|j'''g'''r}}
|heart
|so'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋʷ}}</big>
|{{term|uwga|uw'''g'''a}}
|animal
|pe'''ngu'''in
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|p}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|p}}</big>
Line 146: Line 142:
|'''p'''in
|'''p'''in
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|pˣ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|p͡fˣ}}</big>
|{{term|guvpj|guv'''pj'''}}
|{{term|guvpj|guv'''pj'''}}
|posture
|posture
|'''p'''in
|'''Pf'''erd ([[w:German language|German]])
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɹ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
|{{term|marg|ma'''r'''g}}
|{{term|marg|ma'''r'''g}}
|south
|south
|'''r'''ight
|'''r'''ayo ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʃˣ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|rˀ}}</big>
|{{term|sjari|'''sj'''ari}}
|{{term|knyirra|knyi'''rr'''a}}
|city
|spouse
|'''r'''ayo ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|s}}</big>
|{{term|cniztí|cni'''z'''tí}}
|to try
|'''s'''ing
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|sʰ}}</big>
|{{term|zherg|'''zh'''erg}}
|cloud
|'''s'''ing
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|sˣ}}</big>
|{{term|zjnr|'''zj'''nr}}
|to eat
|'''s'''ing
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʃ}}</big>
|{{term|sefḿ|'''s'''efḿ}}
|fear
|'''sh'''in
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʃʰ}}</big>
|{{term|shera|'''sh'''era}}
|thunder
|'''sh'''in
|'''sh'''in
|-
|-
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|'''t'''art
|'''t'''art
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|tˣ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|t͡sˣ}}</big>
|{{term|tjay|'''tj'''ay}}
|{{term|tjay|'''tj'''ay}}
|sick
|sick
|'''t'''art
|'''t'''art
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}</big>
|{{term|cmm|'''c'''mm}}
|sky
|'''ch'''art
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}}</big>
|{{term|chuh|'''ch'''uh}}
|raw
|'''ch'''art
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|t͡ʃˣ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|t͡ʃˣ}}</big>
|{{term|cji|'''cj'''i}}
|{{term|cjuq|'''cj'''uq}}
|black
|net
|'''ch'''art
|'''ch'''art
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|θ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|v}}</big>
|{{term|cniztí|cni'''z'''tí}}
|{{term|vuin|'''v'''uin}}
|to try
|corner
|'''th'''ing
|ha'''v'''e
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|θʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|vˀ}}</big>
|{{term|zherg|'''zh'''erg}}
|{{term|qvvs|q'''vv'''s}}
|cloud
|ball
|'''th'''ing
|ha'''v'''e
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|θˣ}}</big>
|{{term|zjnr|'''zj'''nr}}
|to eat
|'''th'''ing
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|w}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|w}}</big>
Line 201: Line 227:
|'''w'''ing
|'''w'''ing
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʍ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|x}}</big>
|{{term|jua|'''j'''ua}}
|all
|lo'''ch'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|xʲ}}</big>
|{{term|sjari|'''sj'''ari}}
|city
|'''h'''e
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|xʲʰ}}</big>
|{{term|shiupii|'''sh'''iupii}}
|wheat noodles
|'''h'''e
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|xʷ}}</big>
|{{term|wmaa|'''w'''maa}}
|{{term|wmaa|'''w'''maa}}
|time
|time
|'''wh'''ite
|'''wh'''ite
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|x̟}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|z}}</big>
|{{term|asi|a'''s'''i}}
|{{term|tjer|tje'''r'''}}
|shark
|soft
|'''h'''e
|'''z'''oo
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|x̟ʰ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|zˀ}}</big>
|{{term|shera|'''sh'''era}}
|{{term|suar|sua'''r'''}}
|thunder
|marten
|'''h'''e
|'''z'''oo
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|x̠}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɰ}}</big>
|{{term|jua|'''j'''ua}}
|{{term|aythá|a'''y'''thá}}
|all
|jasper
|lo'''ch'''
|a'''g'''ave ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʒ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɰˀ}}</big>
|{{term|yau|'''y'''au}}
|{{term|ayyai|a'''yy'''ai}}
|bird
|mosquito
|trea'''s'''ure
|a'''g'''ave ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʔ̞}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʔ}}</big>
|{{term|ua|u'''a'''}}
|{{term|ua|u'''a'''}}
|fish
|fish
|uh'''-'''oh
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʔ̞}}</big>
|{{term|gùaa|gù'''a'''a}}
|language
|uh'''-'''oh
|uh'''-'''oh
|}
|}
Line 241: Line 287:
|face
|face
|f'''a'''ther
|f'''a'''ther
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|aː}}</big>
|{{term|aà|'''aà'''}}
|to say
|f'''a'''ther
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɒ}}</big>
|{{term|kjaw|kj'''a'''w}}
|to puncture
|b'''o'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɒː}}</big>
|{{term|uái|'''uá'''i}}
|lizard
|b'''o'''t
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ə}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ə}}</big>
Line 247: Line 308:
|'''a'''bout
|'''a'''bout
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|i}}</big>
|{{term|isji|isj'''i'''}}
|big
|b'''e'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɪ}}</big>
|{{term|it|'''i'''t}}
|{{term|it|'''i'''t}}
|head
|head
|b'''i'''d
|b'''ee'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|iː}}</big>
|{{term|krií|kr'''ií'''}}
|to die
|b'''ee'''t
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɔ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|o̞}}</big>
|{{term|zjeyu|zjey'''u'''}}
|{{term|zjeyu|zjey'''u'''}}
|shore
|shore
|b'''o'''t
|b'''oa'''t
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʊ}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|u}}</big>
|{{term|cuy|c'''u'''y}}
|{{term|cuy|c'''u'''y}}
|angry
|angry
|b'''oo'''k
|b'''oo'''t
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[w:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Example !! Translation !! (near) equivalent
|-
! colspan="4"| [[w:Syllabic consonant|Syllabic consonants]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|β̍}}</big>
|{{term|nauv|nau'''v'''}}
|different
|aga'''v'''e ([[w:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ð̩}}</big>
|{{term|tr|t'''r'''}}
|to stop
|'''th'''ey
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|m̩}}</big>
|{{term|msh|'''m'''sh}}
|dry
|'''m'''an
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|n̩}}</big>
|{{term|jrn|jr'''n'''}}
|land
|'''n'''ot
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|n̪̍}}</big>
|{{term|zizhn|zizh'''n'''}}
|rural
|a'''n'''them
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|n̠̍}}</big>
|{{term|nchahí|'''n'''chahí}}
|far away
|ra'''n'''ch
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ̍}}</big>
|{{term|tgzh|t'''g'''zh}}
|night
|sa'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ̟̍}}</big>
|{{term|hyg|hy'''g'''}}
|cold
|si'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ̠̍}}</big>
|{{term|gj|'''g'''j}}
|gold
|so'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ŋ̍ʷ}}</big>
|{{term|hiwǵ|hiw'''ǵ'''}}
|to drive
|pe'''ngu'''in
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɹ̩}}</big>
|{{term|muayr̀kej|muay'''r̀'''kej}}
|to legalize
|'''r'''ight
|-
|-
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ʒ̍}}</big>
|align="center" |<big>{{IPA|uː}}</big>
|{{term|ytjau|'''y'''tjau}}
|{{term|auu|a'''uu'''}}
|to owe
|dog
|trea'''s'''ure
|b'''oo'''t
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[w:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Example !! Translation
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| [[w:Tone (linguistics)|Tones]]
! colspan="4"| [[w:Tone (linguistics)|Tones]]
Line 350: Line 346:
|{{term|shû|sh'''û'''}}
|{{term|shû|sh'''û'''}}
|east
|east
|}
|}
|}
|}
|}


==Differences from standard Knrawi==
==Differences from standard Knrawi==
*/n/ and /ŋ/ do not assimilate.
*/k̟,k̟ʰ,k̟ˣ,x̟,x̟ʰ,x̟ˣ/ are realized as [t͡ʃ,t͡ʃʰ,t͡ʃˣ,ʃ,ʃʰ,xʲ].
**/k̟,k̟ʰ,k̟ˣ,x̟,x̟ʰ/ adjacent to /ɪ/ are realized as [kʲ,kʲʰ,kʲˣ,xʲ,xʲʰ].
*/k̠,k̠ʰ,k̠ˣ,x̠/ are realized as [k,kʰ,kˣ,x].
*/tˣ/ and [pˣ] are realized as [t͡sˣ] and [p͡fˣ].
*/ʍ/ is realized as [xʷ].
*/θ,θʰ,θˣ/ are realized as [s,sʰ,sˣ].
**Labialized /θ,θʰ,θˣ/ are realized as [f,fʰ,fˣ].
*/ɹ/ is realized as [r].
**Labialized /ɹ/ is realized as [v] (which doesn't merge with [w]).
**Fortified /ɹ/ is realized as [z].
*/ɉ/ is realized as [ɰ].
**Fortified /ɉ/ is realized as [ɣ].
**/ɉ/ and [j,w] adjacent to high vowels are realized as [ɣ] and [ʝ,ɣʷ].
*Fortition occurs word-finally.
**[ʔ̞] is realized as [ʔ] word-finally.
*Voiced geminants are glottalized.
*Sequences of [ʔ̞] and voiced consonants are realized as glottalized consonants.
*Syllabic consonants are realized as [əC].
**Word-initial and pre-sonorant syllabic consonants are realized as [Cə].
**Syllabic consonants with an identical adjacent consonant are realized as [əCˀ] or [Cˀə].
*/ɪ,ʊ/ are realized as [i,u].
**/ɪɪ,ʊʊ/ are realized as [iː,uː].
**Unstressed /ɪ,ʊ/ (but not /ɪɪ,ʊʊ/) are realized as [ə,o̞].
*/a/ is realized as [ɒ] adjacent to labiovelar consonants.
*Unstressed /a/ and [ə] are realized as
**[o̞] adjacent to labiovelar consonants.
**[ə] if not [o̞].
*Sequences of unstressed [ə] or [o̞] and stressed /a/ are realized as [aː] or [ɒː] respectively.
**[aː] is realized as [ɒː] adjacent to labiovelar consonants except [w] or [ɣʷ].


[[Category:Knrawi IPA guides]]
[[Category:Knrawi IPA keys|z]]

Latest revision as of 06:00, 6 March 2024

The charts below show the way in which the IPA represents Zjiiama Knrawi pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. For more information, see Help:IPA.

This page is only for the variety of Knrawi spoken on Zjiiama Island. For other varieties see Knrawi IPA keys.

IPA Keys
Aelatha
Attian
Avendonian
Ayeri
Biscayan
Brittainese
Cet
Cha
Cruckeny
Etlish
Evonish
Favlona
Guimin
Gwaxol
Hantza
Hemaluan
High Valyrian
Iaskyon
Jukpë
Kaikiwan
Keeltyewarem
Kihā́mmic
Knrawi
Kunarek
Luthic
Lôppic
Maryan Coptic
Messinese
Mihousapeja
Millennish
Moshurian
Oltic
Owaex
Pomorian
Qafesona
Rangyayo
Rulhilli
Soc'ul'
Sudyrnish
Umbrean
IPA Example Translation (near) equivalent
Consonants
f huf small face
fʰ ufh middle face
fˣ fjmm to hold face
ɣ ay red agave (Spanish)
ɣˀ mupyy wrong agave (Spanish)
ɣʷ iciui hermit agua (Spanish)
h ceh many have
j shaia house yet
ʝ yui honey rayo (Spanish)
k hyk sugarcane scout
kʰ nkh far cow
kˣ kja sand cow
kʲ tjic to cook ski
kʲʰ chin song key
kʲˣ cji black key
kʷ guq small island square
kʷʰ uqh snake queen
kʷˣ yqj to grow queen
m iim because man
mˀ mm̀ to steal man
n jna star not
nˀ guváan event not
ŋ thga wind sang
ŋˀ suiggi back sang
p puskj yam spin
pʰ cuph snake burrow pin
p͡fˣ guvpj posture Pferd (German)
r marg south rayo (Spanish)
rˀ knyirra spouse rayo (Spanish)
s cniztí to try sing
sʰ zherg cloud sing
sˣ zjnr to eat sing
ʃ sefḿ fear shin
ʃʰ shera thunder shin
t riti eye start
tʰ nth water tart
t͡sˣ tjay sick tart
t͡ʃ cmm sky chart
t͡ʃʰ chuh raw chart
t͡ʃˣ cjuq net chart
v vuin corner have
vˀ qvvs ball have
w rtiu where wing
x jua all loch
xʲ sjari city he
xʲʰ shiupii wheat noodles he
xʷ wmaa time white
z tjer soft zoo
zˀ suar marten zoo
ɰ aythá jasper agave (Spanish)
ɰˀ ayyai mosquito agave (Spanish)
ʔ ua fish uh-oh
ʔ̞ gùaa language uh-oh
IPA Example Translation (near) equivalent
Vowels
a agu face father
aː aà to say father
ɒ kjaw to puncture bot
ɒː uái lizard bot
ə sheya large island about
i it head beet
iː krií to die beet
o̞ zjeyu shore boat
u cuy angry boot
uː auu dog boot
Tones
˥ ik to see
˩ ìy to break
˥˩ shû east

Differences from standard Knrawi

  • /n/ and /ŋ/ do not assimilate.
  • /k̟,k̟ʰ,k̟ˣ,x̟,x̟ʰ,x̟ˣ/ are realized as [t͡ʃ,t͡ʃʰ,t͡ʃˣ,ʃ,ʃʰ,xʲ].
    • /k̟,k̟ʰ,k̟ˣ,x̟,x̟ʰ/ adjacent to /ɪ/ are realized as [kʲ,kʲʰ,kʲˣ,xʲ,xʲʰ].
  • /k̠,k̠ʰ,k̠ˣ,x̠/ are realized as [k,kʰ,kˣ,x].
  • /tˣ/ and [pˣ] are realized as [t͡sˣ] and [p͡fˣ].
  • /ʍ/ is realized as [xʷ].
  • /θ,θʰ,θˣ/ are realized as [s,sʰ,sˣ].
    • Labialized /θ,θʰ,θˣ/ are realized as [f,fʰ,fˣ].
  • /ɹ/ is realized as [r].
    • Labialized /ɹ/ is realized as [v] (which doesn't merge with [w]).
    • Fortified /ɹ/ is realized as [z].
  • /ɉ/ is realized as [ɰ].
    • Fortified /ɉ/ is realized as [ɣ].
    • /ɉ/ and [j,w] adjacent to high vowels are realized as [ɣ] and [ʝ,ɣʷ].
  • Fortition occurs word-finally.
    • [ʔ̞] is realized as [ʔ] word-finally.
  • Voiced geminants are glottalized.
  • Sequences of [ʔ̞] and voiced consonants are realized as glottalized consonants.
  • Syllabic consonants are realized as [əC].
    • Word-initial and pre-sonorant syllabic consonants are realized as [Cə].
    • Syllabic consonants with an identical adjacent consonant are realized as [əCˀ] or [Cˀə].
  • /ɪ,ʊ/ are realized as [i,u].
    • /ɪɪ,ʊʊ/ are realized as [iː,uː].
    • Unstressed /ɪ,ʊ/ (but not /ɪɪ,ʊʊ/) are realized as [ə,o̞].
  • /a/ is realized as [ɒ] adjacent to labiovelar consonants.
  • Unstressed /a/ and [ə] are realized as
    • [o̞] adjacent to labiovelar consonants.
    • [ə] if not [o̞].
  • Sequences of unstressed [ə] or [o̞] and stressed /a/ are realized as [aː] or [ɒː] respectively.
    • [aː] is realized as [ɒː] adjacent to labiovelar consonants except [w] or [ɣʷ].
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