Canonic Code

Canonic is a poetic form of its vernacular register. It applies of the Coloration Table to determine its grammatical relationships, such as sound laws following coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, resulting in the addition of considerable fusional morphologhy.

Grammar

Colored Inflection

Affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. As a result, there are no articles in the language; plus, the canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices (i.e. canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases, as in aru saíkatan, quac "he said 'I am a philosopher'").

..

• Canonic allophones of voiced consonants in marginal position are devoiced.

qual /kʷol/ "he/she speaks", qua’-i /kʷo?i/ "she speaks", quar-u /kʷoru/ "he speaks"

rmd "fasting" > rūāh /tʷoːh/ "you fast" [equivalent to armíd "you fast"] quan /kʷon/, quah /kʷoh/, qual /kʷol/ "I speak", ... māamu /pʷaːmu/ instead of *māap /pʷaːp/ gdaíhara idzáh āgrdá daius ādū "in the beginning God created heaven and earth" "I love slaves" spartakus âra amālú / fardaquda māamu fardaqu > *fardaquda > farquda

Declension

	CANONIC DECLENSION
	Singular			Plural
	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic
Nominative	-h, -∅, -i	-n, -∅, -u	-l, -∅, -a	-q, -∅, -ī	-m, -∅, -ū	-r, -∅, -ā
Accusative	-k, -s, -h, -∅, -i	-p, -n, -∅, -u	-t, -l, -∅, -a	-g, -zi, -qu, -ga, -∅, -ī	-b, -vi, -mu, -ba, -∅, -ū	-d, -'i, -ru, -da, -∅, -ā
Dative	-s, -∅, -i	-f, -∅, -u	-c, -∅, -a	-z, -za, -∅, -ī	-v, -va, -∅, -ū	-', -'a, -∅, -ā
Copulative	a-X-h, a-X-∅, ay-	a-X-n, a-X-∅, aw-	a-X-l, a-X-∅, a-	a-X-q, a-X-∅, āy-	a-X-m, a-X-∅, āw-	a-X-r, a-X-∅, ā-
Ergative	a-X-k, a-X-s, a-X-h, a-X-∅, ya-	a-X-p, a-X-n, -f, a-X-∅, wa-	a-X-t, a-X-l, a-X-∅, a-	a-X-g, a-X-za, a-X-q, a-X-ga, a-X-∅, yā-	a-X-b, a-X-m, a-X-va, a-X-ba, a-X-∅, wā-	a-X-d, a-X-'a, a-X-r, a-X-da, a-X-∅, ā-
Genitive	a-X-s, a-X-∅, i-	a-X-f, a-X-∅, u-	a-X-c, a-X-∅, a-	a-X-z, a-X-za, a-X-∅, ī-	a-X-v, -va, a-X-∅, ū-	a-X-', a-X-'a, a-X-∅, ā-

^0 Consonantal stem; ^1 I-stem; ^2 U-stem; ^3 A-stem; ^4 Repeated stem; ^A Vocalic stem.

Conjugation

	CANONIC CONJUGATION
	Singular			Plural
	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person
Active Future	-h, -∅, -ay	-n, -∅, -aw	-l, -∅, -a	-q, -∅, -āy, -ēia	-m, -∅, -āw, -ōua	-r, -∅, -ā
Active Present	-k, -s, -h, -∅, -ya, -e	-p, -n, -f, -∅, -wa, -o	-t, -l, -∅, -a	-g, -za, -q, -ga, -∅, -yā	-b, -m, -va, -ba, -∅, -wā	-d, -'a, -r, -da, -∅, -ā
Active Past	-s, -∅, -i	-f, -∅, -u	-c, -∅, -a	-z, -za, -∅, -ī	-v, -va, -∅, -ū	-', -'a, -∅, -ā
Passive Future	h-X-a, ∅-X-a, ay-	n-X-a, a-X-∅, aw-	l-X-a, ∅-X-a, a-	q-X-a, ∅-X-a, āy-, ēi-	m-X-a, ∅-X-a, āw-, ōu-	r-X-a, ∅-X-a, ā-
Passive Present	k-X-a, s-X-a, h-X-a, ∅-X-a, ya-, e-	p-X-a, n-X-a, f-X-a, ∅-X-a, wa-, o-	t-X-a, l-X-a, ∅-X-a, a-	g-X-a, za-X-a, q-X-a, ga-X-a, ∅-X-a, yā-	b-X-a, m-X-a, va-X-a, ba-X-a, ∅-X-a, wā-	d-X-a, 'a-X-a, r-X-a, da-X-a, ∅-X-a, ā-
Passive Past	s-X-a, ∅-X-a, i-	f-X-a, ∅-X-a, u-	c-X-a, ∅-X-a, a-	z-X-a, za-X-a, ∅-X-a, ī-	v-X-a, va-X-a, ∅-X-a, ū-	'-X-a, 'a-X-a, ∅-X-a, ā-

^0 Consonantal stem; ^1 I-stem; ^2 U-stem; ^3 A-stem; ^4 Repeated stem; ^A Vocalic stem; ^B Irregular stem.

The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of -a-. Compare the pair zīs "to the giant" / azīs "the giant's" with kāun "I kill" / iāba "I am killed".

X

tla, but not tra, dla, or dra

tlu becomes tlau

alt, but not art, ald, or ard

alk > aik

alp /aup/

saíkat /sēgak/ siktâ /siggâ/

khighihk

pnubmunp

tladralt

Sound Changes

With the generative notation developed in the 20^th Century by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle...

-/+	I-type	U-type	A-type
K-type	k / g	p / b	t / d
H-type	h / ɦ	n̥ / m	l̥ / r
S-type	s / z	f / v	t͡s / ʔ

-voice

{V// <low>} → {V// nasal // <low>} ⧸ {V// nasal // <glottalized>}C₀_

C → 0 ⧸ _#

Coherent with Index Diachronica...

In Sca2

Sets: (non-supported)

Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence) G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence) ẞ=sz, Þ=fv, Ð=c' ẞ→/#_/#_J S→/#_/#_JWR

Categories:

V=yaeiouȳāēīōū V̆=yaeiou V̄=ȳāēīōū J=ieīē W=uoūō Y=yaȳā C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv' C̥=kpthnlsfc C̬=gbdqmrzv' K=kgpbtd S=szfvc' H=hqnmlr Q=123456 I=kghqsz U=pbnmfv A=tdlrc' Ĭ=khs Ī=gqz Ŭ=pnf Ū=bmv Ă=tlc Ā=dr'

Rewrite rules:

i|1 u|2 nd|3 mb|4 lb|5 rd|6

Sound Changes:

V→/#_CVVCVVCVV V→/#_CVCVVCVV V→/#_CVVCVCVV V→/#_CVVCVVCV V→/#_CVCVCVV V→/#_CVCVVCV V→/#_CVVCVCV V→/#_CVCVCV V→/#_CVVCVV V→/#_CVCVV V→/#_CVVCV V→/#_CVCV CV→/CV_CV V→/CVCVC_# V→/CVCVCC_# ia→e/_ ai→ē/_ uo→o/_ au→ō/_ ui→ȳ/_ iu→y/_ K→S/[īē]_ K→H/[ūō]_ K→S/_J K→H/_W H→Q/R_R C→/_# [sz]→/#_/#_J [sz]→/_#/J_# [fv]→/#_/#_W [fv]→/_#/W_# [c']→/#_/#_R [c']→/_#/R_# +→-/_# -→+/V_V

Nullification

(∅⇒∅/∅)

Idiosyncratic sound change.

(∅⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. k /k/

(∅⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. a /a/

(∅⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. á /áː/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/∅)

E.g. atl /al/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. argda /arda/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. aūk /auː/

(CONSONANT⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. lmá /má/

(VOWEL⇒∅/∅)

E.g. dagauna /dagaun/

(VOWEL⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. aizza /azza/

(VOWEL⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. aiu /au/

(VOWEL⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. aíu /ái/ "you"

(TONE⇒∅/∅)

E.g. á /a/

(TONE⇒∅/CONSONANT)

E.g. árda /arda/

(TONE⇒∅/VOWEL)

E.g. taó /tau/

(TONE⇒∅/TONE)

E.g. áós /aós/ "you"

Consonantization

X

E.g. ad /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)

Voicing (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)

Final consonants are devoiced — e.g. ad /at/ —; medial ones are voiced — e.g. ata /ada/.

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

Compensatory Lengthening (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)

E.g. āra /arda/, āda /adda/, ā’a /aʔʔa/

(H → Q ⧸ V_R): type-2 consonants extend to i, u, nd, mb, lb, and rd respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.

Vocalization

X

E.g. ad /at/ (0>VOWEL/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (0>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (0>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (0>VOWEL/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>VOWEL/TONE)

Phthongization (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)

Monophthongization happens during closed syllables — e.g. vaíds /véːt͡s/ —, and diphthongization in open syllables compare — e.g. tō /tau̯/.

diphthongs to monophthongs iu > y, ui > ȳ ia > e, ai > ē ua > o, au > ō

triphthongs to diphthongs ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō

in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>VOWEL/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (TONE>VOWEL/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (TONE>VOWEL/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (TONE>VOWEL/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (TONE>VOWEL/TONE)

Tonization

X

E.g. ad /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)

X

E.g. ad /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)

X

E.g. atka /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)

X

E.g. tu /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)

X

E.g. pá /báː/ "you" (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)

E.g. amba /ˈau̯ba/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)

E.g. au /oː/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)

*aud, alb > alb, amb > *aub

Decrescence=

(Z → ∅ ⧸ [#]_[#]/[G]_[G]): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.

Apocape

In a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel. [...] unstressed short high vowels are erased next to sonorants and sibilants (suphí > sphí), (bilí > blí)

Syncope

In a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.

Aphaeresis

In a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.

Dissimilation

• swébʰ(i)ey > *sébʰey (bilabial sound expels bilabial sound)

non-tonic vowels become high (begí > bigí)

Prothesis

In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added. EX: ...

In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added. EX: 'atlya > adalyal

Paragoge

In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant). EX: palk > palsil

Harmony

(used in special cases of other laws)

Haplology

dadasa > dasa

Compensatory lengthening

bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla

Metathesis

glides only where the stress is garda, gráda, gadrá

adtís > addís

Initial/Final/Intervocalic (de)voicing

(-sonorant → -voice ⧸ _#)

a → y ⧸ _{iu}

dad > dat

ata > ada

/ai̯/ > /eː/ /i̯a/ > /e/ /au̯/ > /oː/ /u̯a/ > /o/ /u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/ /i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/

/e/ > /i/ /o/ > /u/

Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.

skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)

gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)

krp > karda, karrēia (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)

qfl > qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)

karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"

i (concrete, active terms) / u (abstract, passive terms)

qiat azīs hu "he saw the giant's dog"

avāda sazēia "the temptations of humans"

k’ālú "to be in a place"

∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"

Íz > IgÁ

Úq > UgÁ

Í' > IdÁ

Úr > UdÁ

Ím > IbÁ

Úv > UbÁ

Meter

Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:

• (C)²V(C̥) (light)

• (C)²VV(C̥) ~ (C)²V̄(C̥) ~ (C)²VC̬(C̥) (heavy)

• (C)²V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)²VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)²V̄C̬(C̥) (superheavy)

Any other arrangement, such as (C)(C)V̄VC̬, is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥ = one non-sonorant consonant

light (μ₁) heavy (μ₂) superheavy (μ₃)

A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables, 24 heavy syllables, up to 36 light syllables [...]

Elision

KH- KH/HK -HK

monosyllabic stressed word attracts article bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/ = bîbliru ... = bîbliru

canonic allophones kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ

canonic clusters hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr

the equivalent of lucifer "lightbearer" would be haípar (h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)

not pro-drop (subject is only ommitted in relative clauses)

suma "who?" > cu masu-ta "you being ...?", cu suma-ta "who are you?" aliúma "where?" > cu maliú-ta "where are you going?", cu aliúma-ta "where are you from?" OBL + ma = interrogative

combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels EX: ask > asak

-k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs -p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf -t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc -g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz -b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv -d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'

khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā

kihs 1 punf 2 talc 3 qīz 4 nūv 5 drā 6 drāsi 7 nūca 8 qīfu 9 unū 10 unūs 11 udrā 12 udrās 13 udrāf 14 anū 15 anūs 16 anūf 17 adrā 18 adrās 19 īnū 20 īnūs 21 īnūf 22 īnūc 23 īdrā 24 ūnū 25 ūnūs 26 ūnūf 27 ūnūc 28 ūnūzi 29 ūdrā/ānū 30 ... ādrā 36 ... upādrā 72 ... īqādrā 144 ... ādupādrā 432

ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā

kihs ghīz ikh hzī punf bmūv upn mvū talc drā' atl r'ā / drāikh 7 ghīzu 8 talcatl 9 mūvu 10 ... drā'atl 18 drā'rā 36

drā’ikh 7, drā’upn 12, drā’atl 18, drā’zī 24, drā’vū 30, drā’’ā 36

Non-finite verbs are (despite the name) more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them

murú appúral "I do not pretend to die" ígul mārasu "eating is good

liviatan "whale" maubidik "sperm whale" bailzaibub "fly" drakula "bat" ganaisa "elephant"

aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"

3 genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter

mostly synthetic

nun/nȳō, lih/sȳē, al/sȳa (nom)

nuf/nȳu, lis/sȳi, ac/sȳa (acc)

nuf/nȳua, lis/sȳia, at/sȳa (dat)

mū (n > m-u-u)

ry (l > r-i-u)

zō (∅ > z-a-u)

Triptote Inflection

infinite participles

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