Esperanto Vulgara
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| Esperanto Vulgara | |
|---|---|
| Vulgara, Basilekto | |
| vulgarà | |
 Flag of Esperanto | |
| Pronunciation | [vuwgaˈraː] |
| Created by | Jukethatbox |
| Date | 2025 |
| Native to | Esperantujoj |
| Native speakers | 1.5 million (2024) |
Esperanto Vulgara, typically referred to simply as Vulgara or in Esperanto spaces as Basilekto,[a] refers to a continuum of simplified dialects of the international auxiliary language Esperanto. Vulgara is by far the most spoken variety of Esperanto; in Esperanto linguistics, it is generally considered the primary basilect (Esperanto: basilekto) as opposed to the standard Esperanto acrolect (Esperanto: akrolekto).
Although Vulgara refers to many varieties of basilectal Esperanto, there are various features that unite most Vulgara varieties, such as long vowels and an otherwise simplified phonology, a simplified verbal paradigm, and a morphology of more diverse origins than standard Esperanto.[b] Vulgara is not mutually intelligible with standard Esperanto; however, most young Esperantistoj hold an equal grasp of both Vulgara and standard Esperanto, despite Vulgara not being officially taught in any Esperantuja jurisdiction.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | g | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |||||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x~h | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
Esperanto's consonant inventory was significantly simplied in Vulgara. Notable differences include:
- Merging of /dʒ/ into /ʒ/; ĝi /ˈd͡ʒi/ becomes /ˈʒi/, ĝoji /ˈd͡ʒoji/ becomes ĵoji /ˈʒoj/
- Gemination of /kt, gd/; aktoro becomes attoro /atˈtoːro/
- Coda /l/ > /w/, as in vulgara /vuwˈgara/
- /l/ also palatalises to /j/ in /fl/ clusters, as in Esp. floro becomes fljoro or even fjoro (possibly under Italian influence)
N-assmiliation
Vowels
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Vulgara preserves the same five vowels of standard Esperanto, though also incorporates seven long vowels; by default, stressed vowels in open syllables are lengthened (cf. Italian), though long vowels can also arise from akrolekto diphthongs and adjacent identical vowels, for example:
- (/V.V/ > /Vː/) Esperanto heroo /heˈro.o/ > Vulgara herò /heˈroː/
- (/ˈV/ > /ˈVː/) Esp. aktoro /akˈtoro/ > Vul. attoro /atˈtoːro/
Vocabulary
Various Esperanto words take wholly new forms
Notes
- ^ (vulgarà, pronounced [vuwgaˈraː], Esperanto: [espeˈranto vulˈgara], lit. "Vulgar Esperanto")
- ^ Most words in standard Esperanto are of European origin, more specifically Romance languages, Germanic languages and Slavic languages (in descending order of occurence)