Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages
In this versespace:
Diachronics
Consonants
- p' -> PEK mˁ
- t' -> PEK tˁ
- k' -> PEK q
- PIr l -> PEK ć
- PIr y/g/hiatus breaker -> PEK y
- PIr k -> PEK ç
- PIr ng, r -> lengthens preceding vowel if before C, PEK 0 otherwise
- PIr s -> PEK χ
- PIr b/w -> PEK β
- PIr d -> ð (r in retroflexing environments)
- final nasal -> ŋ
- Non-final nasals stay put (n in PIr /rVn/ retroflexes)
- p, t stay put (t in PIr /rVt/ retroflexes)
Vowels
PIr ă -> ə
urV, orV, arV -> orV, arV, erV -> oV aV eV
ira iro iru -> iwa iwo iwu
Same-vowel weakening rule: e.g. PI sumur is treated as if it were sămur
Family tree
Phonology
Proto-Erno-Kawenic is characterized by unusual sound changes from Proto-Irenesian.
Consonants
| Labial | Denti-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pharyngealized | |||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | mˁ /mˁ/ | n /n̪/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | ||
| Stop | p /p/ | pˁ /pˁ/ | t /t̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | ć /tɕ/ | q /q/ |
| Fricative | ṣ /ʂ/ | ç /ç/ | x /χ/ | |||
| Continuant | β /β/ | δ /ð/ | r /ɻ/ | y /j/ | ||
Vowels
Short i e a o u ə
Long ī ē ā ō ū
Nasal iñ eñ añ oñ uñ əñ
Coloring effects
Grammar
I have to have a solid idea of how nouns work in PEK; I'm probably gonna cliticize classifiers after nouns
So the classifier is almost a suffix, maybe fully a suffix by PEK
That may affect the Ernish I have now, which I'm willing to accept. In that case Ernish should probably choose one form, probably the PEK genitive plural for most nouns.
Ensuring that Quququqquq genitives always end in a vowel is easy
Genitive should be -some vowel + (ng) in PI
Some nouns, like proper nouns, family terms and body parts, shouldn't have classifiers
Classifiers
| PEK classifier | Domain | Etymology |
|---|---|---|
| sg. =nuć, pl. =çe | generic inanimate | |
| sg. =pće, pl. =mut | inanimate (pejorative) | |
| sg. =hoi, pl. =au | human | |
| sg. =qβe, pl. =poyap | human (pejorative) | |
| =upi | generic animal | |
| =tiβo | livestock | |
| =toyu | animate (pejorative) | |
| =mˁō | animate (pejorative) | |
| =pˁat | flat sheets | |
| =əmço | flat sheets (pejorative) | |
| =çeoñ | trees and bushes; streams, rivers | |
| =uox | herbaceous plants | |
| =epçi | any plant (pejorative) | |
| =βuδ | flowers, bunches of fruit | |
| =tia | paths, ways | |
| =uhiç | long thin objects | |
| =uyop | fruits, spheres | |
| =tuć | circles, rings | |
| =ex | buildings | |
| =mˁəδañ | vehicles | |
| =xəβuq | man-made things (pejorative) | |
| =ćep | marks, like written characters, wounds, ... | |
| =uñqe | important places and events |
Sandbox
PI urim 'rose apple' (bare) -> PEK oiŋ 'apple (is-a form); Apple (name form)' -> Ernish oi 'ibid.'
PI urim uop -> PEK oiŋ=uyop 'the apple' -> Ernish oinguzop 'apple (singular)'
PI **urim bawăd -> PEK oiŋ bawəd -> oimbaud 'apples (plural)'
PI tiroŋ 'head' -> PEK tiwo: -> Ernish tiwo (body parts don't take classifiers)