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=Background=

Tolsian Revisited is an attempt at revamping much of that old conlang created something like 15 years ago by a child so that it becomes a slightly more consistent language. It is somewhat influenced by French and Latin but still an a priori conlang. It has its own alphabet which was actually created before the language itself.
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->

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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:

Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
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=Phonology=
==Consonants==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Bilabial
!colspan="2"|Labio-dental
!colspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Post-alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Uvular
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|colspan="2"| m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| n
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ɲ
|colspan="2"| ŋ
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Plosive
|colspan="2"| pʰ p b
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| tʰ t̚ t d
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| kʰ k g
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|colspan="2"| ɸ β
|colspan="2"| f v
|colspan="2"| θ ð
|colspan="2"| s z
|colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| x ɣ
|colspan="2"| χ ʁ
|colspan="2"| h
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| j
|colspan="2"| w
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Trill
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ʀ
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Flap
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ɾ
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approx.
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| l
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives
|colspan="2"| ᵐb
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ⁿd
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ᵑg
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|}

There is also an additional consonant, here transcribed as /h̪/.

==Vowels==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Front
! colspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2"|Back
|-
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i y
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|u
|-
!colspan="2"|Close-mid
|colspan="2"|e ø
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|o
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ ɛ̃
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃
|}

==Phonotactics==
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->

==Orthography==
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. -->

Tolsian has its own script and an official, perfectly matching romanization. The alphabet is considered to consist of 36 letters, plus diacritics :

===Alphabet===
<poem>
Y y - /jo/, /oj/
Æ æ ; Æ̊ æ̊ - /aj/ ; /ja/
A a - /a/
B b - /b/
Q q - /ʃ/
D d - /d/
E e ; Ê ê ; Ě ě - /e/ ; /ɛ/ ; /ø/
G g ; G̊ g̊ ; Ñ ñ - /g/ ; /ᵑg/ ; /ɲ/
H h - /h/
I i - /i/
Ƶ ƶ ; Ƶ̆ ƶ̆ - /ð/ ; /ʒ/
K k - /k/
L l - /l/
M m - /m/
N n - /n/
O o ; Œ œ - /o/, /ɔ/ ; /o/
P p ; Ƥ ƥ - /p/ ; /ɸ/
R r - /ʁ/
C c ; S s - /s/ ; /θ/
T t ; Ŧ ŧ - /t/ ; /tʰ/, /t̚/
U u - /y/
V v ; F f - /v/ ; /f/
Ƿ ƿ - /wi/
Z z - /z/
Ɯ ɯ ; Ɯ̂ ɯ̂ ; Ɯ̌ ɯ̌ - /ɑ̃/ ; /ɛ̃/ ; /ɔ̃/
W w - /u/
X x (ou Ħ ħ) - /χ/
Ƃ ƃ - /bɾa/
Ŋ ŋ - /ŋ/
Ɋ ɋ - /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ƀ ƀ - /β/
</poem>

====Composed graphemes====
Tolsian orthography is fairly transparent though there is not always a one to one correspondance between graphemes and phonemes. Some phonemes are not represented in the alphabet above : 
<poem>
/pʰ/ and /kʰ/ are written <ph> and <kh>, respectively
/x/ and /ɣ/ are written <xͪ> and <gͪ>, respectively
/ɾ/ is written <rͪl>
/ʀ/ is written <r̊> (sometimes in old texts, <r̈>)
/j/ is written with the vowel i and the "link", a special diacritic ; for instance, /je/ is written <i͠e>, while /ej/ is written <e͠i>. The grapheme <i͠i> corresponds to /ji/ while /ij/ would be written <i͠ĭ>
/w/ is written in a similar fashion as the other semi-vowel, but with vowels o and u : /wa/ can be written <o͠a> or <u͠a>, /aw/ can be written <a͠o> or <a͠u>. Actually, it is perhaps best described as a non-syllabic [o̯], with a consonant status in the system. 
/ɔ/ is written <ò> when there is no coda
</poem>

The grapheme <y> is ambiguous as there is no way to determine if it corresponds to /jo/ or /oj/. The grapheme <o> also corresponds to two different phonemes, but it is conditioned by its place in the syllable : if there is a consonant coda, it is /ɔ/, if not, then it is /o/, while <œ> is always /o/. But /ɔ/ can also appear without a consonant after ; then, it is written <ò>.

The apostrophe is very rarely used except with articles where it signals the elision of the vowel of the singular feminine articles.

====Tables of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Bilabial
!colspan="2"|Labio-dental
!colspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Post-alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Uvular
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|colspan="2"| m <m>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| n <n>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ɲ <ñ>
|colspan="2"| ŋ <ŋ>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Plosive
|colspan="2"| pʰ <ph> p <&#x70;> b <&#x62;>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| tʰ, t̚ <ŧ> t <t> d <d>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| kʰ <kh> k <k> g <g>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|colspan="2"| ɸ <ƥ> β <ƀ>
|colspan="2"| f <f> v <v>
|colspan="2"| θ <&#x73;> ð <ƶ>
|colspan="2"| s <c> z <z>
|colspan="2"| ʃ <&#x71;> ʒ <ƶ̆>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| x <xͪ> ɣ <gͪ>
|colspan="2"| χ <x> ʁ <r>
|colspan="2"| h <h>
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| j cf. above
|colspan="2"| w cf. above
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Trill
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ʀ <r̊>
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Flap
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ɾ <rͪl>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approx.
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| l <l>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives
|colspan="2"| ᵐb <mb>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ⁿd <nd>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ᵑg <g̊>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|}

/ɧ̙ʷ/ <ɋ>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Front
! colspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2"|Back
|-
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i <&#x69;> y <&#x75;>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|u <w>
|-
!colspan="2"|Close-mid
|colspan="2"|e <e> ø <ě>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|o <o>, <œ>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ <ê> ɛ̃ <ɯ̂>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ <o>, <ò> ɔ̃ <ɯ̌>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä <a>
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <ɯ>
|}

==New orthography==
However, another Latin transliteration has been designed so as to be more phonemic and easier to write on a computer, and is getting more and more popular :

===Alphabet===

<poem>
A a /a/
Ä ä /ɛ/
(Â â /ɔ̃/)
(Ã ã /ɑ̃/)
B b /b/
C c /θ/
D d /d/
E e /e/
(Ê ê /ɑ̃/)
(Ẽ ẽ /ɛ̃/)
F f /f/
G g /g/
H h /h/
I i /i/
(Î î /ɛ̃/)
(Ĩ ĩ /ɛ̃/)
J j /ʀ/ (/ʒ/)
K k /k/
L l /l/
M m /m/
N n /n/
(Ñ ñ /ɲ/)
O o /o/
Ö ö /œ/
Ò ò /ɔ/
(Õ õ /ɔ̃/)
P p /p/
(Q q /ʃ/ or /h̪/)
R r /ʁ/
S s /s/
T t /t/
U u /u/
Ü ü /y/
V v /v/
W w /w/
X x /χ/
Y y /j/
Z z /z/
</poem>

====Composed Graphemes====
<poem>
ph, th, kh : /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/
fh, bh (vh), dh, sh, zh, xh, gh : /ɸ/, /β/, /ð/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /x/, /ɣ/
nh : /ɲ/
lh : /ɾ/
mb, nd, ngg, ng : /ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /ᵑg/, /ŋ/
(rr : /ʀ/)
</poem>
<!-- Consonants

<poem>
Nasals : /m/ m ; /n/ n ; /ɲ/ nh ; /ŋ/ ng
Plosives : /pʰ/ ph ; /p/ p ; /<sup>m</sup>b/ mb ; /b/ b ; /tʰ/ th ; /t/ t ; /ⁿd/ nd ; /d/ d ; /kʰ/ kh ; /k/ k ; /<sup>ŋ</sup>g/ ngg ; /g/ g
Fricatives : /ɸ/ fh ; /β/ bh ; /f/ f ; /v/ v ; /θ/ c ; /ð/ dh ; /s/ s ; /z/ z ; /ʃ/ sh ; /ʒ/ zh ; /x/ xh ; /ɣ/ gh ; /χ/ x ; /ʁ/ r ; /h/ h
Laterals : /l/ l
Approximants : /j/ y ; /w/ w
Taps : /ɾ/ lh
Trills : /ʀ/ j or rr
</poem>

Vowels

<poem>
/i/ i ; /y/ ü ; /u/ u
/e/ e ; /ø/ ö ; /o/ o
/ɛ/ ä ; /ɔ/ ô or ò
/a/ a 
/ɛ̃/ î ; /ɔ̃/ â ; /ɑ̃/ ê or õ
</poem>
-->

====Tables of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Bilabial
!colspan="2"|Labio-dental
!colspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Post-alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Uvular
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|colspan="2"| m <m>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| n <n>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ɲ <nh>
|colspan="2"| ŋ <ng>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Plosive
|colspan="2"| pʰ <ph> p <&#x70;> b <&#x62;>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| tʰ <&#x74;h> t <t> d <d>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| kʰ <kh> k <k> g <g>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|colspan="2"| ɸ <fh> β <bh>
|colspan="2"| f <f> v <v>
|colspan="2"| θ <c> ð <dh>
|colspan="2"| s <&#x73;> z <z>
|colspan="2"| ʃ <sh> ʒ <zh>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| x <xh> ɣ <gh>
|colspan="2"| χ <x> ʁ <r>
|colspan="2"| h <h>
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| j <y>
|colspan="2"| w <w>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Trill
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ʀ <j>, <rr>
|colspan="2"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Flap
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ɾ <lh>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approx.
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| l <l>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|-
!colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives
|colspan="2"| ᵐb <mb>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ⁿd <nd>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| ᵑg <ngg>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"| 
|}

/ɧ̙ʷ/ <ch>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Front
! colspan="2"|Central
! colspan="2"|Back
|-
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i <&#x69;> y <ü>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|u <&#x75;>
|-
!colspan="2"|Close-mid
|colspan="2"|e <e> ø <ö>
|colspan="2"| 
|colspan="2"|o <o>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ <ä> ɛ̃ <î>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ <ò> ɔ̃ <â>, <õ>
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä <a>
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <ê>
|}

Additionally, an apostrophe is used to disambiguate ambiguous sequences which could be interpreted as either a digraph representing a single phoneme, or two graphemes in a row representing two phonemes. For instance, <lh> denotes /ɾ/, but <l'h> denotes /lh/.

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->

<!-- Here are some example subcategories:

Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology

-->
There are five main parts of speech in TolsianR : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions.

===Nouns===

Nouns have definiteness, gender, number, and case. The case system is actually very reduced, with only three cases : nominative, accusative, and genitive. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are two numbers, singular and plural. Finally, the gender system is fairly complicated, as it consists of two dimensions interacting : masculine vs feminine on the one hand and animate vs inanimate on the other. However, different parts of speech agree with these two gender systems : articles and adjectives will take masculine or feminine markings, while verbs are conjugated differently depending upon whether the noun is animate or inanimate. Nouns themselves are marked for gender, and for animatedness when in the accusative or dative case. Also, when an adjective qualifies several nouns which are not all masculine or feminine, they take a neutral plural suffix ; but beyond those special cases, neutral has disappeared from TolsianR.

====Definiteness====

There are definite and indefinite articles, agreeing in gender and number with the nouns they modify. They undergo morphophonological changes depending on whether the noun they modify begins with a vowel or with a consonant.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Number
! Gender
! Definite + consonant 
! Definite + vowel 
! Indefinite + consonant 
! Indefinite + vowel
|-
! rowspan=2 | Singular
!'''Masculine''' 
| ê / ä  [ɛ]|| êl / äl  [ɛl]|| one / one  [one]|| on / on [on]
|-
!'''Feminine''' 
| la / la  [la] || la' / l', la'  [l] || ona / ona  [ona] ||  ona' / on', ona'  [on]
|-
! rowspan=3 | Plural
!'''Masculine''' 
| rowspan=3 | lecͪ / le, les'  [le] || rowspan=3 | lec / les  [les] || onecͪ / one, one'  [one] || onec / ones  [ones]
|-
!'''Feminine''' 
| onacͪ / ona', onas' [ona] || onac / onas  [onas]
|-
!'''Neutral''' 
| dalecͪ / dale', dales' [dale] || dalec / dales [dales]
|}

====Gender====

On many nouns ending in a vowel, gender is identifiable as -''e'' and -''o'' are masculine markers, while -''a'' and -''i'' are feminine markers. But nouns ending with a consonant don't provide such cues. Besides, there are occasional exceptions to these rules. Animatedness is marked in the accusative case as the prefix will be ''ke''- (or ''k''- before a vowel) in the case of an inanimate noun, and ''dake''- (or ''dak''- before a vowel) in the case of an animate noun ; and in the genitive case, with a suffix ''-o'' for inanimate nouns (transformed into /w/ after a vowel) and ''-do'' for animate nouns (see section on cases for more details). Also, "natural" gender is usually reflected in the grammatical gender (nous which refer to male beings usually are masculine, and vice-versa) ; and "natural" animatedness is usually reflected in grammatical animatedness as well : people, animals and, it is worth noticing, plants, are usually animate, while objects, concepts etc are usually inanimate.

Articles and adjectives agree in gender with nouns depending on their being masculine or feminine, while verbs have a different conjugation depending on the animate vs inanimate opposition, and the accusative and genitive markers differ as well. In the plural there is a neutral form if masculine and feminine nouns are under the scope of the same modifier ; in adjectives, the vowel associated with neutral is -''i''. If a verb has a complex subject comprised of animate and inanimate nouns, most usually the animate conjugation will be used.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
!  !! Masculine !! Feminine 
|-
! Animate 
|  macko / masko (man) <p> kimŧane / kimthane (boy) <p> ƃs / blhas (brother) <p> pa / pa (father) || ƥemæ̊ / fhemya (woman) <p> fati (family) <p> ctaƶ̆ / stazh (life)
|-
! Inanimate 
| sko / cko (bone) <p> ƶ̆it / zhit (foot) <p> mbo (time) || i͠idna / yidna (garden) <p> tqepi / tshepi (misfortune, bad luck) <p> gæc / gays (place, spot)
|-


|}

====Number====

Nouns can be singular or plural and articles, adjectives and verbs agree in number with the noun (or the subject in the case of the verb). Singular is unmarked, while plural is marked with the prefix /-s/, written <-c> in traditional orthography and <-s> in modern orthography. However, if the noun ends in a consonant, diverse changes happen : 

<poem>
A final palatal nasal becomes velar : /ɲ/ → [ŋ]. This is reflected in the orthography.
In general, nasals are slightly devoiced, and the -s suffix stays voiceless : [m̥s], [n̥s], [ŋ̥s]. This is not reflected in the orthography.
However, prenasalized consonants become fully nasalized but the plural suffix becomes voiced : /ᵐb/+/s/ → [mz] ; /ⁿd/+/s/ → [nz] ; /ᵑg/+/s/ → [ŋz]. This is partially reflected in the orthography (voicing of the plural suffix -s is never reflected in the orthography, it is always spelled <-c> or <-s>).
Aspirated plosives lose their aspiration : /pʰ/ → /p/ ; /tʰ/, /t̚/ → /t/ ; /kʰ/ → /k/. This is reflected in the orthography.
The plural suffix is voiced after most voiced obstruents : /b/+/s/ → /bz/ ; /d/+/s/ → /dz/ ; /g/+/s/ → /gz/ ; /v/+/s/ → /vz/ ; /ɣ/+/s/ → /ɣz/ ; /ʁ/+/s/ → /ʁz/. As stated previously, this is not reflected in the orthography.
However, the voiced bilabial fricative becomes /w/ and the plural suffix becomes voiced : /β/+/s/ → /wz/.
After the strident fricatives /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ɧ̙ʷ/, the plural suffix is simply not pronounced, but it is still written.
After the approximants /w/ and /j/, the plural suffix becomes voiced : /wz/, /jz/. Not reflected in the orthography.
The liquids /ʀ/, /ɾ/, /l/ are slightly devoiced : [ʀ̥s], [ɾ̥s], [l̥s]. Not reflected in the orthography.
</poem>

====Case====

TolsianR has three cases : nominative, accusative and genitive, which agree with a noun's animatedness. Nominative is unmarked, and corresponds to the functions of subject, attribute of the subject, and all other functions which are not covered by the accusative and dative cases. Accusative corresponds to the function of direct object of a verb and is marked with a prefix :  ''dake''- (or ''dak''- before a vowel) in the animate, and ''ke''- (or ''k''- before a vowel) in the inanimate. In more recent developments of the language, ''dake-'' has become ''da-'' (or ''d-'' in front of a vowel). Genitive corresponds to the "possessor" of something and is marked with a suffix ''-do'' for animate nouns (with a number of morphophonological changes taking place if the noun ends in a consonant), and ''-o'' for inanimate nouns (transformed into /w/ after a vowel). If a noun is in the plural, the mark of the plural is suffixed to the stem as usual in the accusative, but in the genitive it is added after the genitive suffix. 

<!-- aspirated plosives lose their aspiration ; voiceless obstruents become voiced ; the palatal nasal gets partially assimilated and turns into ''n'' ; prenasalised occlusives get totally nasalised ; the bilabial fricative becomes a labio-velar approximant [w] ; and there's gemination with the dental occlusives : [dd]. Those changes are usually reflected in the orthography.
<poem>
[+asp] -> [-asp] /_-do
[-voice] -> [+voice] / _-do
[+bilabial] -> /w/ / _-do (/ɸ/, /β/ -> /w/)
[+prenasalized] -> [nasal] / _-do (/ᵐb/ -> /m/, /ⁿd/ -> /n/, /ᵑg/ -> /ŋ/)
/ɲ/ -> /n/ / _-do
</poem>
-->

The following table summarizes the language's declensions, where C stands for consonant, V for vowel, and ''stem'' includes any plural mark :
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Case declension in TolsianR
|-
!  !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive
|-
! Animate 
| ''stem'' || dake-C''stem'' (dak-V''stem'') <p> da-C''stem'' (d-V''stem'')|| ''stem''-do
|-
! Inanimate 
| ''stem'' || ke-C''stem'' (k-V''stem'') || ''stem''C-o (''stem''V-w)
|-
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples of declensions of different substantives
|-
!  !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive
|-
! Masculine Animate 
| macko / masko <p> kimŧane / kimthane <p> ƃs / blhac || dakemacko / dakemasko alt. damacko / damasko <p> dakekimŧane / dakekimthane alt. dakimŧane / dakimthane <p> dakeƃs / dakeblhac alt. daƃs / dablhac|| mackodo / maskodo <p> kimŧanedo / kimthanedo alt. kimŧando / kimthando <p> ƃƶdo / blhadhdo
|-
! Masculine Inanimate 
| sko / cko <p> ƶ̆it / zhit <p> æ̊z / ayz || kesko / kecko <p> keƶ̆it / kezhit <p> kæ̊z / kayz || sko͠ŏ / ckow <p> ƶ̆ito / zhito <p> æ̊zo / ayzo
|-
! Feminine Animate 
| ƥemæ̊ / fhemya <p> fati / fati <p> ctaƶ̆ / stazh || dakeƥemæ̊ / dakefhemya alt. daƥemæ̊ / dafhemya <p> dakefati alt. dafati <p> dakectaƶ̆ / dakestazh alt. dactaƶ̆ / dastazh || ƥemæ̊do / fhemyado <p> fatido <p> ctaƶ̆do / stazhdo
|-
! Feminine Inanimate 
| i͠idna / yidna <p> tqepi / tshepi <p> gæc / gays (place, spot) || kei͠idna / keyidna <p> ketqepi / ketshepi <p> kegæc / kegays || i͠idna͠ŏ / yidnaw <p> tqepi͠ŏ / tshepiw <p> gæco / gayso
|-

|}

=====Morphophonological adaptations=====

As we have already seen, the prefix of the accusative is elided in front of a vowel, becoming dak- (or d-) in the animate, and k- in the inanimate. The suffix of the genitive also undergoes a number of changes, depending on whether it follows a consonant or a vowel. In the inanimate, the -o becomes a glide, -w, after a vowel. But the situation is more complex when the animate genitive suffix follows a consonant, and the rules are as follows :

<poem>
Prenasalized consonants become fully nasalized : /ᵐb/ → /m/ ; /ⁿd/ → /n/ ; /ᵑg/ → /ŋ/.
The palatal nasal becomes dental : /ɲ/ → /n/.
<!--The voiced dental plosive is geminated : /d/ → /dː/.
-->Voiceless plosives become unaspirated and voiced : /pʰ/, /p/ → /b/ ; /tʰ/, /t̚/, /t/ → /dː/ ; /kʰ/, /k/ → /g/.
Bilabial fricatives become /w/ : /ɸ/, /β/ → /w/.
Other voiceless fricatives become voiced, with the exception of the glottal fricative /h/ : /f/ → /v/ ; /s/ → /z/ ; /ʃ/ → /ʒ/ ; /x/ → /ɣ/ ; /χ/ → /ʁ/ ; /ɧ̙ʷ/ → /ɧ̙̬ʷ/.
</poem>

===Pronouns===

Pronouns are declined in four cases : nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. Except for the genitive, pronouns can be modified to express different politeness registers ; in the following table, the first form is neutral, the second form is casual / informal, and the third form is formal. The 2FORMAL pronouns express a higher degree of politeness, and would be used for instance to address a teacher, an employer, a political or religious figure, etc. It does not have an informal version, but does have an extra formal one, which could be used for instance for a king or a highly placed religious figure, a god, etc. The formal version of the regular 2SG pronoun then is used for instance with strangers, older family members, older coworkers or coworkers with a higher position, etc. The informal versions of the pronouns are usually used to address younger people, or close friends and relatives ; it then has an affectionate meaning. But if used to address a person of perceived lower status or position, despite no or little age difference, it becomes more of a disparaging connotation.
In the genitive case, pronouns are not marked for formality levels, but they are marked for number, with the regular plural -c / -s.
Pronominal possessive adjectives are marked for both gender and number.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example
|-
!  !! Nominative (subject) !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive !! Possessive adjective
|- 
! 1SG 
| æ̊ / ya <p> æ̊bi / yabi <p> œæ̊ / oya || me <p> mebi (mebe) <p> ome || mi <p> mibi <p> omi || mo, moc / mo, mos || mine, minec / mines <p> mina, minac / minas <p> mini, minic / minis
|-
! 2SG 
| tw / tu <p> twbi / tubi <p> œtw / otu || te <p> tebi (tebe) <p> ote || ti <p> tibi (tqibi / tshibi) <p> oti || to, toc / to, tos || tine, tinec / tines <p> tina, tinac / tinas <p> tini, tinic / tinis
|-
! 3SG.masc 
| æ / ay <p> æbi / aybi <p> æœ / ayo || wm / um <p> wmbi / umbi <p> wmo / umo|| im <p> imbi (bim) <p> imo (oim)
| rowspan=2 | co, coc / so, sos || cine, cinec / sine, sines <p> cina, cinac / sina, sinas <p> cini, cinic / sini, sinis
|-
! 3SG.fem 
| mæ / may <p> mæbi / maybi <p> œmæ / omay || am <p> ambi <p> amo|| ima <p> imabi (bima) <p> oima
|-
! 1PL 
| cæ̊n / syan <p> bicæ̊n / bisyan <p> œcæ̊n / osyan || ne <p> nebi (nebe) <p> one || ni <p> nibi <p> oni || no, noc / no, nos || nine, ninec / nines <p> nina, ninac / ninas <p> nini, ninic / ninis
|-
! 2PL 
| vw / vu <p> vwbi / vubi <p> œvw / ovu || ve <p> vebi (vebe) <p> ove || vi <p> vibi <p> ovi || vo, voc / vo, vos || vine, vinec / vines <p> vina, vinac / vinas <p> vini, vinic / vinis
|-
! 3PL.masc 
| cæ / say <p> bicæ (cæbi) / bisay (saybi) <p> œcæ (cæœ) / osay (sayo) 
|rowspan=3 | ce / se <p> cebi (cebe) / sebi (sebe) <p> oce / ose 
|rowspan=3 | ci / si <p> cibi / sibi <p> oci / osi
|rowspan=3 | ico, icoc / iso, isos
|rowspan=3 | icine, icinec / isine, isines <p> icina, icinac / isina, isinas <p> icini, icinic / isini, isinis
|-
! 3PL.fem 
| mæcͪ /mays (may) <p> mæbic / maybis <p> mæœc / mayos 
|-
! 3PL.neut 
| ci / si <p> cibi / sibi <p> œci / osi 
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| ææ̊ / ayya <p> œææ̊ / oayya || æe / aye <p> œæe / oaye || æi / ayi <p> œæi / oayi || æo, æoc / ayo, ayos || ææ̊ne, ææ̊nec / ayyane, ayyanes <p> ææ̊na, ææ̊nac / ayyana, ayyanas <p> ææ̊ni, ææ̊nic / ayyani, ayyanis
|-

|}

====Other types of pronouns====

=====Interrogative pronouns and words=====
<poem>
who ? ƿ / wi
what ? kea
whose ? ƿdo / wido
when ? pune / püne
where ? don (dôn)
why ? 
</poem>

=====Relative pronouns and words=====
<poem>
who, whom - 
that - 
whose - dœte / dote
when - 
where -
why -
</poem>

===Verbs===

There are two main classes of verbs : (A) those whose stem ends in a vowel, and (B) those whose stem ends in a consonant. Verbs ending with an -''a'' or an -''i'' usually just take an -''r'' to form the infinitive, while the other ones usually take a -''ƃ'' /bɾa/. Verbs agree in person, animatedness and number with their subject. There are formally seven persons in TolsianR : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized.

====Tense====

TolsianR's tense system is divided into past, present, and future, which are encoded in the conjugation of the verbs in the indicative mode. 

====Grammatical Aspect====

A distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects is marked morphologically in the past tense, while other aspectualities, such as progressive and perfect, are marked with auxiliaries : progressive with the auxiliary ''cƿƃ'' "to be" and the present participle, and perfect with the auxiliary ''vuƃ'' "to have" and the past participle.

Some aspectual values of the different morphological verb forms :

<poem>
Indicative present : neutral, habitual
Indicative Imperfect Past : habitual, continuous
Indicative Perfect Past : perfective
Indicative Future : neutral, habitual, inchoative (usually followed by "now" or something indicating it's going to happen very soon)
Conditional, Subjunctive : neutral, habitual. Also, they express a present tense by default.
Absolute : gnomic
</poem>

====Grammatical Mood====

Realis

Indicative and so-called Absolutive are the two realis moods of TolsianR. Indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. Absolutive is traditionally treated as a mood in TolsianR because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis.

Irrealis

The two other moods of TolsianR are subjunctive and conditional. Subjunctive is used for instance in dependent clauses whose main clause's verb expresses an opinion, an inference, a belief (verbs such as "to think", "to believe", "to consider", etc), a desire or a wish ("to want", "to hope"). It is also used to express commands, interdictions and requests, as there is no distinct imperative mood in the language. Conditional is used to speak of events whose realization depends on a certain condition ; then, it is used in both the main and the dependent clauses.

====Polarity====

The default polarity is positive : something is asserted. In order to express negation, the negative adverb ''ne'' is placed right before the verb. If a subject pronoun is used, it is inserted between the negative adverb and the verb. 

Examples : ''æ̊ cƿ'' "I am" ; ''ne æ̊ cƿ'' "I am not".

====Conjugation====

Verbs are inflected for person, mood, tense, and animatedness. There are four moods : indicative, subjunctive, conditional, and so-called "absolute" (gnomic). The indicative mood splits into four tenses : present, imperfect past, perfect past, and future. There are also a present partitive and a past partitive, especially used for progressive aspect and passive voice, respectively.

<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Class A Animate Gender !! Class A Inanimate Gender
|-
| '''Indicative Present''' || stemV-∅ ; stemV-s ; stemV-t ; stemV-m ; stemV-ts ; stemV-n ; stemV-ne || stem-jV ; stem-jVs ; stem-jVt ; stem-jVm ; stem-jVts ; stem-jVn ; stemV-je
|-
| '''Indic. Imperfect Past''' || stem-(i)tV ; stem-(i)tVs ; stem-(i)tVt ; stem-(i)tVmo ; stem-(i)tVts ; stem-(i)tVn ; stem-(i)tVne || stem-(i)tʃV ; stem-(i)tʃVs ; stem-(i)tʃVt ; stem-(i)tʃVmo ; stem-(i)tʃVts ; stem-(i)tʃVn ; stem-(i)tVje
|-
| '''Indic. Perfect Past''' || stem-(i)fV ; stem-(i)fVs ; stem-(i)fVt ; stem-(i)fVmo ; stem-(i)fVti ; stem-(i)fVn ; stem-(i)fVne || stem-(i)fjV ; stem-(i)fjVs ; stem-(i)fjVt ; stem-(i)fjVmo ; stem-(i)fjVti ; stem-(i)fjVn ; stem-(i)fVje
|-
| '''Indicative Future''' || stem-(i)rV ; stem-(i)rVs ; stem-(i)rVt ; stem-(i)rVmo ; stem-(i)rVti ; stem-(i)rVn ; stem-(i)rVne || stem-(i)rjV ; stem-(i)rjVs ; stem-(i)rjVt ; stem-(i)rjVmo ; stem-(i)rjVti ; stem-(i)rjVn ; stem-(i)rVje
|-
| '''Subjunctive''' || stemV-ko ; stemV-kos ; stemV-kot ; stemV-komus ; stemV-kotis ; stemV-kona ; stemV-ke || stemV-kjo ; stemV-kjos ; stemV-kjot ; stemV-kjomus ; stemV-kjotis ; stemV-kjona ; stemV-kje
|-
| '''Conditional''' || stemV-no ; stemV-nos ; stemV-not ; stemV-nomus ; stemV-notis ; stemV-nona ; stemV-ne || stemV-jo ; stemV-jos ; stemV-jot ; stemV-jomus ; stemV-jotis ; stemV-jona ; stemV-je
|-
| '''Absolute''' (Gnomic) || stemV-jo ; stemV-jos ; stemV-jot ; stemV-jof ; stemV-joz ; stemV-jon ; stemV-je || stemV-joh ; stemV-joθ ; stemV-jot̚ ; stemV-joɸ ; stemV-joʒ ; stemV-jowi ; stemV-joð ; stemV-joː
|}
-->
The following tables illustrate the underlying conjugation paradigms :
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical conjugation paradigm, Class A
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class A Animate 
! colspan="7" | Class A Inanimate 
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG 
| ''stem''V-∅ || ''stem''V-tV || ''stem''V-fV || ''stem''V-rV || ''stem''V-ko || ''stem''V-no || ''stem''V-jo || ''stem''V-jV || ''stem''V-tjV || ''stem''V-fjV || ''stem''V-rjV || ''stem''V-kjo || ''stem''V-jo || ''stem''V-joh
|-
! 2SG 
| ''stem''V-s || ''stem''V-tVs || ''stem''V-fVs || ''stem''V-rVs || ''stem''V-kos  || ''stem''V-nos || ''stem''V-jos || ''stem''V-jVs || ''stem''V-tjVs || ''stem''V-fjVs || ''stem''V-rjVs || ''stem''V-kjos || ''stem''V-jos || ''stem''V-joθ 
|-
! 3SG 
| ''stem''V-t || ''stem''V-tVt || ''stem''V-fVt  || ''stem''V-rVt || ''stem''V-kot  || ''stem''V-not || ''stem''V-jot || ''stem''V-jVt || ''stem''V-tjVt || ''stem''V-fjVt || ''stem''V-rjVt || ''stem''V-kjot || ''stem''V-jot || ''stem''V-jot̚
|-
! 1PL 
| ''stem''V-m || ''stem''V-tVmo || ''stem''V-fVmo || ''stem''V-rVmo || ''stem''V-komys || ''stem''V-nomys || ''stem''V-jof || ''stem''V-jVm || ''stem''V-tjVmo || ''stem''V-fjVmo || ''stem''V-rjVmo || ''stem''V-kjomys || ''stem''V-jomys || ''stem''V-joɸ
|-
! 2PL 
| ''stem''V-ti || ''stem''V-tVti || ''stem''V-fVti || ''stem''V-rVti || ''stem''V-kotis || ''stem''V-notis || ''stem''V-joz || ''stem''V-jVti || ''stem''V-tjVti || ''stem''V-fjVti || ''stem''V-rjVti || ''stem''V-kjotis || ''stem''V-jotis || ''stem''V-joʒ
|-
! 3PL 
| ''stem''V-n || ''stem''V-tVn || ''stem''V-fVn || ''stem''V-rVn || ''stem''V-kona || ''stem''V-nona || ''stem''V-jon || ''stem''V-jVn || ''stem''V-tjVn || ''stem''V-fjVn || ''stem''V-rjVn || ''stem''V-kjona || ''stem''V-jona || ''stem''V-jowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| ''stem''V-ne || ''stem''V-tVne || ''stem''V-fVne || ''stem''V-rVne || ''stem''V-ke || ''stem''V-ne || ''stem''V-je || ''stem''V-jVjne || ''stem''V-tVjne || ''stem''V-fVjne || ''stem''V-rVjne || ''stem''V-kje || ''stem''V-je || ''stem''V-joð ; ''stem''V-joː
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical conjugation paradigm, Class B
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class B Animate 
! colspan="7" | Class B Inanimate 
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG 
| ''stem''-a || ''stem''-ita || ''stem''-ifa || ''stem''-ira || ''stem''-iko || ''stem''-o || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-ja || ''stem''-itja || ''stem''-ifja || ''stem''-irja || ''stem''-ikjo || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-joh
|-
! 2SG 
| ''stem''-as || ''stem''-itas || ''stem''-ifas || ''stem''-iras || ''stem''-ikos  || ''stem''-os || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-jas || ''stem''-itjas || ''stem''-ifjas || ''stem''-irjas || ''stem''-ikjos || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-joθ 
|-
! 3SG 
| ''stem''-at || ''stem''-itat || ''stem''-ifat  || ''stem''-irat || ''stem''-ikot  || ''stem''-ot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jat || ''stem''-itjat || ''stem''-ifjat || ''stem''-irjat || ''stem''-ikjot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jot̚
|-
! 1PL 
| ''stem''-im || ''stem''-itimo || ''stem''-ifimo || ''stem''-irimo || ''stem''-ikomys || ''stem''-omys || ''stem''-jof || ''stem''-jim || ''stem''-itjimo || ''stem''-ifjimo || ''stem''-irjimo || ''stem''-ikjomys || ''stem''-jomys || ''stem''-joɸ
|-
! 2PL 
| ''stem''-iti || ''stem''-iti || ''stem''-ifiti || ''stem''-iriti || ''stem''-ikotis || ''stem''-otis || ''stem''-joz || ''stem''-jiti || ''stem''-itjiti || ''stem''-ifjiti || ''stem''-irjiti || ''stem''-ikjotis || ''stem''-jotis || ''stem''-joʒ
|-
! 3PL 
| ''stem''-an || ''stem''-itan || ''stem''-ifan || ''stem''-iran || ''stem''-ikona || ''stem''-ona || ''stem''-jon || ''stem''-jan || ''stem''-itjan || ''stem''-ifjan || ''stem''-irjan || ''stem''-ikjona || ''stem''-jona || ''stem''-jowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| ''stem''-ine  || ''stem''-itine || ''stem''-ifine || ''stem''-irine || ''stem''-ike || ''stem''-e || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-jine  || ''stem''-itje || ''stem''-ifje || ''stem''-irje || ''stem''-ikje || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-joð ; ''stem''-joː
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation paradigm, Class A
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class A Animate 
! colspan="7" | Class A Inanimate 
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG 
| ''stem''V-∅ || ''stem''-tV || ''stem''-fV || ''stem''-rV || ''stem''-ko || ''stem''-no || ''stem''V-jo || ''stem''-jV || ''stem''-tʃV || ''stem''-fjV || ''stem''-rjV || ''stem''-kjo || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-joh
|-
! 2SG 
| ''stem''V-s || ''stem''-tVs || ''stem''-fVs || ''stem''-rVs || ''stem''-kos  || ''stem''-nos || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-jVs || ''stem''-tʃVs || ''stem''-fjVs || ''stem''-rjVs || ''stem''-kjos || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-joθ 
|-
! 3SG 
| ''stem''V-t || ''stem''-tVt || ''stem''-fVt  || ''stem''-rVt || ''stem''-kot  || ''stem''-not || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jVt || ''stem''-tʃVt || ''stem''-fjVt || ''stem''-rjVt || ''stem''-kjot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jot̚
|-
! 1PL 
| ''stem''V-m || ''stem''-to || ''stem''-fo || ''stem''-ro || ''stem''-kus || ''stem''-nus || ''stem''-jof || ''stem''-jVm || ''stem''-tʃVmo || ''stem''-fjVmo (-fimo) || ''stem''-rjVmo (-rimo) || ''stem''-kjomys || ''stem''-jomys || ''stem''-joɸ
|-
! 2PL 
| ''stem''V-ts || ''stem''-tVts || ''stem''-fVts || ''stem''-rVts || ''stem''-kis || ''stem''-nis || ''stem''-joz || ''stem''-jVts || ''stem''-tʃVts || ''stem''-fjVti (-fiti) || ''stem''-rjVti (-riti) || ''stem''-kjots || ''stem''-jots || ''stem''-joʒ
|-
! 3PL 
| ''stem''V-n || ''stem''-tVn || ''stem''-fVn || ''stem''-rVn || ''stem''-ka || ''stem''-na || ''stem''-jon || ''stem''-jVn || ''stem''-tʃVn || ''stem''-fjVn || ''stem''-rjVn || ''stem''-kjona (-ka?) || ''stem''-jona (-ja?) || ''stem''-jowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| ''stem''-e || ''stem''-te || ''stem''-fe || ''stem''-re || ''stem''-ke || ''stem''-ne || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-jVjne (-jine) || ''stem''-tʃe || ''stem''-fje || ''stem''-rje || ''stem''-kje || ''stem''-je || ''stem''V-joð ; ''stem''-joː
|}

Note : In the table above, ''stem'' represents the stem of the verb minus its final vowel. 

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation paradigm, Class B
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class B Animate 
! colspan="7" | Class B Inanimate 
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG 
| ''stem''-a || ''stem''-i || ''stem''-iv || ''stem''-ir || ''stem''-ik || ''stem''-o || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-ja || ''stem''-itʃa || ''stem''-ivja || ''stem''-irja || ''stem''-ikjo || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-joh
|-
! 2SG 
| ''stem''-as || ''stem''-its || ''stem''-ifs || ''stem''-irz || ''stem''-iks  || ''stem''-os || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-jas || ''stem''-itʃas || ''stem''-ivjas || ''stem''-irjas || ''stem''-ikjos || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-joθ 
|-
! 3SG 
| ''stem''-at || ''stem''-it || ''stem''-ift  || ''stem''-ixt || ''stem''-ikt  || ''stem''-ot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jat || ''stem''-itʃat || ''stem''-ivjat || ''stem''-irjat || ''stem''-ikjot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jot̚
|-
! 1PL 
| ''stem''-im || ''stem''-itʃmo || ''stem''-ivmo || ''stem''-irmo || ''stem''-ikus || ''stem''-us || ''stem''-jof || ''stem''-jim || ''stem''-itʃmo || ''stem''-ivimo || ''stem''-irimo || ''stem''-ikjomys || ''stem''-jomys || ''stem''-joɸ
|-
! 2PL 
| ''stem''-its || ''stem''-itʃi || ''stem''-ifi || ''stem''-iri || ''stem''-iki || ''stem''-i || ''stem''-joz || ''stem''-jits || ''stem''-itʃi || ''stem''-ivits || ''stem''-irits || ''stem''-ikjotis || ''stem''-jotis || ''stem''-joʒ
|-
! 3PL 
| ''stem''-an || ''stem''-in || ''stem''-ivna || ''stem''-irna || ''stem''-ikna || ''stem''-ona || ''stem''-jon || ''stem''-jan || ''stem''-itʃan || ''stem''-ivjan || ''stem''-irjan || ''stem''-ikjona || ''stem''-jona || ''stem''-jowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| ''stem''-ine  || ''stem''-itʃne || ''stem''-ivne || ''stem''-irne || ''stem''-ike || ''stem''-e || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-jine  || ''stem''-itʃe || ''stem''-ivje || ''stem''-irje || ''stem''-ikje || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-joð ; ''stem''-joː
|}
<!-- In this table, the endings correspond, respectively, to 1SG, 2SG, 3SG, 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, and 2FORMAL persons. "Stem" represents the stem of the verb minus its final vowel, as the diverse verbal categories markers can be inserted between the final vowel and the rest of the verb root. The final vowel is represented by the letter "V". The verbal declensions are given in phonological form ; indeed, orthography is not entirely transparent here, which can be most appreciated with the [tʃ] of the inanimate imperfect past which results from affrication of /t/ before /j/. The "(i)" is an epenthetic i sometimes inserted to break some consonant clusters (rules not perfectly described yet). Let's illustrate this table with a Class A verb, ''barinir'', "to want" :

<poem>
Present Animate : ''barini, barinic, barinit, barinim, barinitc, barinin, barinine''
Present Inanimate : ''bariñi, bariñic, bariñit, bariñim, bariñitc, bariñin, barinije'' (here there is also a palatalization of /n/ that has become a /ɲ/)
Imperfect Animate : ''barinti, barintic, barintit, barintimo, barintitc, barintin, barintine''
Imperfect Inanimate : ''barinti͠i, barinti͠ic, barinti͠it, barinti͠imo, barinti͠itc, barinti͠in, barintije''
Perfect Animate : ''barinifi ; barinific ; barinifit ; barinifimo ; barinifiti ; barinifin ; barinifine''
Perfect Inanimate : ''barinifi͠i, barinifi͠ic, barinifi͠it, barinifi͠imo, barinifi͠iti, barinifi͠in, barinifije''
Future Animate : ''barinri, barinric, barinrit, barinrimo, barinriti, barinrin, barinrine''
Future Inanimate : ''bariniri͠i, bariniri͠ic, bariniri͠it, bariniri͠imo, bariniri͠iti, bariniri͠in, barinrije''
Subjunctive Animate : ''bariniko, barinikoc, barinikot, barinikomuc, barinikotic, barinikona, barinike''
Subjunctive Inanimate : ''bariniky, barinikyc, barinikyt, barinikymuc, barinikytic, barinikyna, bariniki͠e''
Conditional Animate : ''barinino, barininoc, barininot, barininomuc, barininotic, barininona, barinine''
Conditional Inanimate : ''bariniy (or barinii͠o), bariniyc (barinii͠oc), bariniyt (barinii͠ot), bariniymuc, bariniytic, bariniyna, barinii͠e''
Absolute Animate : ''bariniy, bariniyc, bariniyt, bariniyf, bariniyz, bariniyn, barinii͠e''
Absolute Inanimate : ''bariniyh, bariniys, bariniyŧ, bariniyƥ, bariniyƶ̆, bariniyƿ, bariniyƶ, bariniyœ''
</poem>
-->
=====Examples of conjugated verbs=====

Note : in the original alphabet, and its corresponding traditional transliteration, endings that contain the sound /jo/ are written with the letter <y> if they belong to the absolute, but a digraph <i͠o> elsewhere ; for instance, the absolute animate 1SG, 2SG and 3SG persons are differentiated in writing from their inanimate conditional counterparts, despite being the same in phonic realization. In the modern transliteration, there is no difference.


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical or canonical conjugation of the verb ''barinir'', to want
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class A Animate : barinir "to want" 
! colspan="7" | Class A Inanimate : barinir "to want"
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG 
| barini  || bariniti || barinifi || bariniri || bariniko || barinino || bariniy / bariniyo || barinii͠i / bariniyi || bariniti͠i / barinityi || barinifi͠i / barinifyi || bariniri͠i / bariniryi || bariniki͠o / barinikyo || barinii͠o / bariniyo || bariniyh / bariniyoh
|-
! 2SG 
| barinic / barinis || barinitic / barinitis || barinific / barinifis || bariniric / bariniris || barinikoc / barinikos  || barininoc / barininos || bariniyc / bariniyos || barinii͠ic / bariniyis|| bariniti͠ic / barinityis || barinifi͠ic / barinifyis || bariniri͠ic / bariniryis || bariniki͠oc / barinikyos || barinii͠oc / bariniyos || bariniys / bariniyoc 
|-
! 3SG 
| barinit  || barinitit || barinifit  || barinirit || barinikot  || barininot || bariniyt / bariniyot || barinii͠it / bariniyit || bariniti͠it / barinityit || barinifi͠it / barinifyit || bariniri͠it / bariniryit || bariniki͠ot / barinikyot || barinii͠ot / bariniyot || bariniyŧ / bariniyoth or bariniyott
|-
! 1PL 
| barinim  || barinitimo || barinifimo || barinirimo || barinikomuc / barinikomüs || barininomuc / barininomüs || bariniyf / bariniyof || barinii͠im / bariniyim || bariniti͠imo / barinityimo || barinifi͠imo / barinifyimo || bariniri͠imo / bariniryimo || bariniki͠omuc / barinikyomüs || barinii͠omuc / bariniyomüs || bariniyƥ / bariniyofh
|-
! 2PL 
| bariniti|| barinititi || barinifiti || bariniriti || barinikotic / barinikotis || barininotic / barininotis || bariniyz / bariniyoz || barinii͠iti / bariniyiti || bariniti͠iti / barinityiti || barinifi͠iti / barinifyiti || bariniri͠iti / bariniryiti || bariniki͠otic / barinikyotis || barinii͠otic / bariniyotis || bariniyƶ̆ / bariniyozh
|-
! 3PL 
| barinin || barinitin || barinifin || barinirin || barinikona || barininona || bariniyn / bariniyon || barinii͠in / bariniyin || bariniti͠in/ barinityin || barinifi͠in / barinifyin || bariniri͠in / bariniryin || bariniki͠ona / barinikyona || barinii͠ona / bariniyona || bariniyƿ / bariniyowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| barinine || barinitine || barinifine || barinirine || barinike || barinine || barinii͠e / bariniye || barinii͠iĭne / bariniyiyne || bariniti͠ĭne  / barinitiyne || barinifi͠ĭne / barinifiyne || bariniri͠ĭne / bariniriyne || bariniki͠e / barinikye || barinii͠e / bariniye || bariniyƶ, bariniyœ / bariniyodh, bariniyoo
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation table for the verb ''barinir'', to want
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class A Animate : barinir "to want" 

|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) 
|-
! 1SG 
| barini  || bariniti → barinti || barinifi → barinfi → barimfi || bariniri → barinri || bariniko → barinko → bariŋko / baringko || barinino → barinno → barino || bariniy → bariny → bariño / barinho 
|-
! 2SG 
| barinic / barinis || barinitic → barintic / barintis || barinific → barinfic → barimfic / barimfis || bariniric → barinric / barinris || barinikoc → barinkoc → bariŋkoc / baringkos  || barininoc → barinnoc → barinoc / barinos || bariniyc → barinyc → bariñoc / barinhos 
|-
! 3SG 
| barinit  || barinitit → barintit || barinifit → barinfit → barimfit  || barinirit → barinrit || barinikot → barinkot → bariŋkot / baringkot  || barininot → barinnot → barinot|| bariniyt → barinyt → bariñot / barinhot 
|-
! 1PL 
| barinim  || barinitimo → barintimo → barinto || barinifimo → barinfimo → barimfimo → barimfo || barinirimo → barinrimo → barinro || barinikomuc → barinkomuc → bariŋkomuc → bariŋkwc / baringkus|| barininomuc → barinnomuc → barinnwc → barinwc / barinus || bariniyf → barinyf → bariñof / barinhof 
|-
! 2PL 
| bariniti → barinitc / barinits || barinititi → barinititc → barintitc / barintits || barinifiti → barinfiti → barimfiti → barimfitc/barimfits || bariniriti → barinriti → barinritc/barinrits || barinikotic → barinkotic → bariŋkotic → bariŋkic / baringkis || barininotic → barinnotic → barinnic → barinic / barinis || bariniyz → barinyz → bariñoz / barinhoz 
|-
! 3PL 
| barinin || barinitin → barintin || barinifin → barinfin → barimfin || barinirin → barinrin || barinikona → barinkona → bariŋkona → bariŋka / baringka || barininona → barinnona → barinna → barina || bariniyn → barinyn → bariñon / barinhon 
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| barinine → barinne → barine || barinitine → barintine → barinte || barinifine → barinfine → barimfine → barimfe || barinirine → barinrine → barinre || barinike → barinke → bariŋke / baringke || barinine → barinne → barine || barinii͠e → barini͠e → bariñe / barinhe
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation table for the verb ''barinir'', to want
|-
! 

! colspan="7" | Class A Inanimate : barinir "to want"
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG 
| barinii͠i → barini͠i → bariñi / barinhi || bariniti͠i → barinitqi → barintqi / barintshi || barinifi͠i → barinfi͠i → barimfi͠i / barimfyi || bariniri͠i → barniri͠i / barniryi || bariniky → barinky → bariŋky / baringkyo || barinii͠o → barini͠o → bariño / barinho || bariniyh → barinyh → bariñoh / barinhoh
|-
! 2SG 
| barinii͠ic → barini͠ic → bariñic / barinhis || bariniti͠ic → barinitqic → barintqic / barintshis || barinifi͠ic → barinfi͠ic → barimfi͠ic / barimfyis || barniri͠ic / bariniri͠ic → barniryis || barinikyc → barinkyc → bariŋkyc / baringkyos || barinii͠oc → barini͠oc → bariñoc / barinhos || bariniys → barinys → bariños / barinhoc 
|-
! 3SG 
| barinii͠it → barini͠it → bariñit / barinhit || bariniti͠it → barinitqit → barintqit / barintshit || barinifi͠it → barinfi͠it → barimfi͠it / barimfyit || bariniri͠it → barniri͠it / barniryit || barinikyt → barinkyt → bariŋkyt / baringkyot || barinii͠ot → barini͠ot → bariñot / barinhot  || bariniyŧ → barinyŧ → bariñoŧ / barinhoth or barinhott
|-
! 1PL 
| barinii͠im → barini͠im → bariñim / barinhim || bariniti͠imo → barinitqimo → barintqimo / barintshimo|| barinifi͠imo → barinfi͠imo → barimfi͠imo → barimfimo || bariniri͠imo → barniri͠imo → barnirimo || barinikymuc → barinkymuc → bariŋkymuc / baringkyomüs || barinii͠omuc → barini͠omuc → bariñomuc / barinhomüs|| bariniyƥ → barinyƥ → bariñoƥ or bariñyƥ / barinhofh 
|-
! 2PL 
| barinii͠iti → barini͠itc → bariñitc / barinhits || bariniti͠iti → barinitqitc → barintqitc / barintshits || barinifi͠iti → barinfi͠iti → barimfi͠iti → barimfiti / barimfiti || bariniri͠iti → barniri͠iti → barniriti / barniriti || barinikytic → barinkytic → bariŋkytic → bariŋkytc / baringkyots || barinii͠otic → barini͠otic → bariñotic → bariñotc / barinhots || barinyƶ̆ → barinyƶ̆ → bariñoƶ̆ or bariñyƶ̆ / barinhozh
|-
! 3PL 
| barinii͠in → barini͠in → bariñin / barinhin || barintqin / barintshin || barinifi͠in → barinfi͠in → barimfi͠in / barimfyin || bariniri͠in → barniri͠in / barniryin || barinikyna → barinkyna → bariŋkyna / baringkyona (→ bariŋkæ̊,bariŋki͠a/baringkya)|| barinii͠ona → barini͠ona → bariñona / barinhona (→ bariña/barinha)|| bariniyƿ → barinyƿ → bariñoƿ / barinhowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| barinii͠iĭne → barini͠iĭne → bariñine / barinhine || barintqe  / barintshe || barinifi͠ĭne → barinfi͠ĭne → barimfi͠ĭne → barimfii͠e → barimfi͠e / barimfye || bariniri͠ĭne → barniri͠ĭne → barnirii͠e → barniri͠e / barnirye || bariniki͠e → barinki͠e → bariŋki͠e / baringkye || barinii͠e → barini͠e → bariñe / barinhe || bariniyƶ, bariniyœ → barinyƶ, barinyœ → bariñoƶ, bariñoœ / barinhodh, barinhoo
|}


<!--But it is debated whether orthography should reflect better the palatalization and some write : ''barintqi, barintqic, barintqit, barintqimo, barintqitc, barintqin''.-->
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Class B Animate Gender !! Class B Inanimate Gender
|-
| '''Indicative Present''' || stem-a ; stem-as ; stem-at ; stem-im ; stem-its ; stem-an ; stem-ine or stem-e || stem-ja ; stem-jas ; stem-jat ; stem-jim ; stem-jits ; stem-jan ; stem-jine or stem-je
|-
| '''Indicative Imperfect Past''' || stem-ita ; stem-itas ; stem-itat ; stem-itʃmo ; stem-itʃi ; stem-itan ; stem-itʃne or stem-ite || stem-itʃa ; stem-itʃas ; stem-itʃat ; stem-itʃimo ; stem-itʃits ; stem-itʃan ; stem-itʃe
|-
| '''Indicative Perfect Past''' || stem-ifa ; stem-ifas ; stem-ifat ; stem-ifimo ; stem-ifits ; stem-ifan ; stem-ifine or stem-ife || stem-ifja ; stem-ifjas ; stem-ifjat ; stem-ifjimo ; stem-ifjits ; stem-ifjan ; stem-ifje
|-
| '''Indicative Future''' || stem-ira ; stem-iras ; stem-irat ; stem-irimo ; stem-irits ; stem-iran ; stem-irine or stem-ire || stem-irja ; stem-irjas ; stem-irjat ; stem-irjimo ; stem-irjits ; stem-irjan ; stem-irje
|-
| '''Subjunctive''' || stem-iko ; stem-ikos ; stem-ikot ; stem-ikomus ; stem-ikotis ; stem-ikona ; stem-ike || stem-ikjo ; stem-ikjos ; stem-ikjot ; stem-ikjomus ; stem-ikjots ; stem-ikjona ; stem-ikje
|-
| '''Conditional''' || stem-o ; stem-os ; stem-ot ; stem-omus ; stem-otis ; stem-ona ; stem-e || stem-jo ; stem-jos ; stem-jot ; stem-jomus ; stem-jotis ; stem-jona ; stem-je
|-
| '''Absolute''' (Gnomic) || stem-jo ; stem-jos ; stem-jot ; stem-jof ; stem-joz ; stem-jon ; stem-je || stem-joh ; stem-joθ ; stem-jot̚ ; stem-joɸ ; stem-joʒ ; stem-jowi ; stem-joð ; stem-joː
|}
-->
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical or canonical conjugation of the verb ''vekƃ'', to help
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class B Animate : vekƃ "to want" 
! colspan="7" | Class B Inanimate : vekƃ "to want"
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG 
| veka  || vekita || vekifa || vekira || vekiko || veko || veky / vekyo || veki͠a / vekya || vekiti͠a / vekitya || vekifi͠a / vekifya || vekiri͠a / vekirya || vekiki͠o / vekikyo || veki͠o / vekyo || veky / vekyo
|-
! 2SG 
| vekac / vekas || vekitac / vekitas || vekifac / vekifas || vekirac / vekiras || vekikoc / vekikos  || vekoc / vekos || vekyc / vekyos || veki͠ac / vekyas|| vekiti͠ac / vektyas || vekifi͠ac / vekifyas || vekiri͠ac / vekiryas || vekiki͠oc / vekikyos || veki͠oc / vekyos || vekys / vekyoc 
|-
! 3SG 
| vekat  || vekitat || vekifat  || vekirat || vekikot  || vekot || vekyt / vekyot || veki͠at / vekyat || vekiti͠at / vekityat || vekifi͠at / vekifyat || vekiri͠at / vekiryat || vekiki͠ot / vekikyot || veki͠ot / vekyot || vekyŧ / vekyoth or vekyott
|-
! 1PL 
| vekim  || vekitimo || vekifimo || vekirimo || vekikomuc / vekikomüs || vekomuc / vekomüs || vekyf / vekyof || veki͠im / vekyim || vekiti͠imo / vekityimo || vekifi͠imo / vekifyimo || vekiri͠imo / vekiryimo || vekiki͠omuc / vekikyomüs || veki͠omuc / vekyomüs || vekyƥ / vekyofh
|-
! 2PL 
| vekiti|| vekititi || vekifiti || vekiriti || vekikotic / vekikotis || vekotic / vekotis || vekyz / vekyoz || veki͠iti / vekyiti || vekiti͠iti / vekityiti || vekifi͠iti / vekifyiti || vekiri͠iti / vekiryiti || vekiki͠otic / vekikyotis || veki͠otic / vekyotis || vekyƶ̆ / vekyozh
|-
! 3PL 
| vekan || vekitan || vekifan || vekiran || vekikona || vekona || vekyn / vekyon || veki͠an/ vekyan || vekiti͠an / vekityan || vekifi͠an / vekifyan || vekiri͠an / vekiryan || vekiki͠ona / vekikyona || veki͠ona / vekyona || vekyƿ / vekyowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| vekine || vekitine || vekifine || vekirine || vekike || veke || veki͠e / vekye || veki͠ine / vekyine || vekiti͠e  / vekitye || vekifi͠e / vekifye || vekiri͠e / vekirye || vekiki͠e / vekikye || veki͠e / vekye || vekyƶ, vekyœ / vekyodh, vekyoo
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation of the verb ''vekƃ'', to help
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class B Animate : vekƃ "to want" 
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) 
|-
! 1SG 
| veka  || vekita → veki <!--vekta--> || vekifa → vekiva → vekiv || vekira → vekir || vekiko → vekik || veko || veky / vekyo 
|-
! 2SG 
| vekac / vekas || vekitac → vekitc →vekic / vekis <!--vektac-->|| vekifac → vekifc / vekifs || vekirac → vekirc → vekirz || vekikoc → vekikc / vekiks  || vekoc / vekos || vekyc / vekyos  
|-
! 3SG 
| vekat  || vekitat → vekit <!--vektat--> || vekifat → vekift || vekirat → vekirt → vekixt || vekikot → vekikt || vekot || vekyt / vekyot 
|-
! 1PL 
| vekim  || vekitimo → vekitʃimo → vekitʃmo <!--vektʃimo--> || vekifimo → vekifmo → vekivmo || vekirimo → vekirmo || vekikomuc → vekikwc / vekikus || vekomuc → vekwc / vekus || vekyf / vekyof 
|-
! 2PL 
| vekiti → vekitc / vekits <!--vekitqi / vekitshi--> || vekititi → vekitʃitc → vekitʃi || vekifiti → vekifits → vekifi || vekiriti → vekirits → vekiri|| vekikotic → vekikitc → vekiki || vekotic → vekitc → veki || vekyz / vekyoz 
|-
! 3PL 
| vekan || vekitan → vekitn → vekin || vekifan → vekifn → vekivn → vekivna || vekiran → vekirn → vekirna || vekikona → vekikon → vekikn → vekikna || vekona || vekyn / vekyon 
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| vekine || vekitine → vekitʃne || vekifine → vekifne → vekivne || vekirine → vekirne || vekike || veke || veki͠e / vekye 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation of the verb ''vekƃ'', to help
|-
! 
! colspan="7" | Class B Inanimate : vekƃ "to want"
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) 
|-
! 1SG 
| veki͠a / vekya || vekiti͠a → vekitqa / vekitsha || vekifi͠a → vekivi͠a / vekivya || vekiri͠a / vekirya || vekiki͠o / vekikyo || veki͠o / vekyo || veky / vekyo
|-
! 2SG 
| veki͠ac / vekyas|| vekiti͠ac → vekitqac / vekitshas || vekifi͠ac → vekivi͠ac / vekivyas || vekiri͠ac / vekiryas || vekiki͠oc / vekikyos || veki͠oc / vekyos || vekys / vekyoc 
|-
! 3SG 
| veki͠at / vekyat || vekiti͠at → vekitqat / vekitshat || vekifi͠at → vekivi͠at / vekivyat || vekiri͠at / vekiryat || vekiki͠ot / vekikyot || veki͠ot / vekyot || vekyŧ / vekyoth or vekyott
|-
! 1PL 
| veki͠im / vekyim || vekiti͠imo → vekitqmo / vekitshmo|| vekifi͠imo → vekivi͠imo → vekivimo || vekiri͠imo → vekirimo || vekiki͠omuc / vekikyomüs || veki͠omuc / vekyomüs || vekyƥ / vekyofh
|-
! 2PL 
| veki͠iti → veki͠itc / vekyits || vekiti͠iti → vekitqi / vekitshi || vekifi͠iti → vekivi͠itc → vekivits / vekivits || vekiri͠iti → vekiri͠itc → vekiritc / vekirits || vekiki͠otic / vekikyotis || veki͠otic / vekyotis || vekyƶ̆ / vekyozh
|-
! 3PL 
| veki͠an/ vekyan || vekiti͠an → vekitqan / vekitshan || vekifi͠an → vekivi͠an / vekivyan || vekiri͠an / vekiryan || vekiki͠ona / vekikyona || veki͠ona / vekyona || vekyƿ / vekyowi
|-
! 2FORMAL 
| veki͠ine / vekyine || vekiti͠e  → vekitqe / vekitshe || vekifi͠e → vekivi͠e / vekivye|| vekiri͠e / vekirye || vekiki͠e / vekikye || veki͠e / vekye || vekyƶ, vekyœ / vekyodh, vekyoo
|}
<!--Let's illustrate this table with the Class B verb ''vekƃ'', "to help" :

<poem>
Present Animate : ''veka, vekac, vekat, vekim, vekitc, vekan, vekine / veke''
Present Inanimate : ''vekæ̊, vekæ̊c, vekæ̊t, veki͠im, veki͠itc, vekæ̊n, veki͠ine / veki͠e''
Imperfect Animate : ''vekita, vekitac, vekitat, vekitimo, vekititi, vekitan, vekitine / vekite''
Imperfect Inanimate : ''vekitæ̊, vekitæ̊c, vekitæ̊t, vekiti͠imo, vekiti͠itc, vekitæ̊n, vekiti͠e''
Perfect Animate : ''vekifa, vekifac, vekifat, vekifimo, vekifitc, vekifan, vekifine / vekife''
Perfect Inanimate : ''vekifæ̊, vekifæ̊c, vekifæ̊t, vekifi͠imo, vekifi͠itc, vekifæ̊n, vekifi͠e''
Future Animate : ''vekira, vekirac, vekirat, vekirimo, vekiritc, vekiran, vekirine / vekire''
Future Inanimate : ''vekiræ̊, vekiræ̊c, vekiræ̊t, vekiri͠imo, vekiri͠itc, vekiræ̊n, vekiri͠e''
Subjunctive Animate : ''vekho (< vekiko), vekhoc (< vekikoc), vekhot (< vekikot), vekhomuc (< vekikomuc), vekotic (< vekikotic), vekhona (< vekikona), vekhe (< vekike)'' (with class B verbs ending in -k, we have /kʰ/ instead of expected/kik/)
Subjunctive Inanimate : ''vekhy (< vekiky), vekhyc (< vekikyc), vekhyt (< vekikyt), vekhymuc (< vekikymuc), vekhytc (< vekikytc), vekhyna (< vekikyna), vekhi͠e (vekiki͠e)''
Conditional Animate : ''veko, vekoc, vekot, vekomuc, vekotic, vekona, veke''
Conditional Inanimate : ''veky (or veki͠o), vekyc (veki͠oc), vekyt (veki͠ot), vekymuc, vekytic, vekyna, veki͠e''
Absolute Animate : ''veky, vekyc, vekyt, vekyf, vekyz, vekyn, veki͠e''
Absolute Inanimate : ''vekyh, vekys, vekyŧ, vekyƥ, vekyƶ̆, vekyƿ, vekyƶ, vekyœ''
</poem>

Some write instead : ''vekitqmo, vekitqi , vekitqne'' (imperfect animate), ''vekitqa, vekitqac, vekitqat, vekitqimo, vekitqitc, vekitqan, vekitqe'' (imperfect inanimate).-->

'''Participles'''

Verbs have present and past participles :

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Class A - Animate !! Class A - Inanimate !! Class B - Animate !! Class B - Inanimate
|-
| '''Present Participle''' || stemV-tɑ̃ || stemV-taɲ || stem-ɑ̃ || stem-aɲ
|-
| '''Past Participle''' || stemV-d || stemV-ʒ || stem-id || stem-iʒ
|}

Illustration : ''barinitɯ, barinitañ, barinid, bariniƶ̆ ; vekɯ, vekañ, vekid, vekiƶ̆''.

===Adjectives===

Adjectives agree in number and gender (masculine/feminine) with the noun they qualify. They're usually derived from nouns, but sometimes from verbs as well. 

There are three main ending patterns, identified by their singular neutral form :
<poem>
1. -''il'' : -il(c), -el(c), -ela(c) are the neutral, masculine and feminine endings, respectively. In the masculine, the pronunciations [el] and [ɛl] are in free variation, but it is rarely reflected in the orthography, even in the new standard. This type of ending is usually added to a stem ending in a consonant.
2. -''li'' : -li(c), -le(c), -la(c). Usually added to a stem ending in a vowel.
3. -''i'' : -i(c), -e(c), -a(c). Usually added to a stem ending in a consonant. This is a common ending for adjectives derived from past participles of verbs.
4. -''iC'' : -iC(c), -eC(c), -aC(c), where C stands for some stem consonant. In this case, a gender thematic vowel is inserted before the last consonant of the stem, rather than added to it. Like in the first type of ending, there is free variation in the pronunciation of the masculine form between [eC] and [ɛC]. This is a rarer type of adjective ending.
</poem>

The neutral form is almost only used in the plural, when qualifying several nouns of diverging gender. An exception is that, in dictionaries, adjectives are usually listed under their singular neutral form. Also, recent speech developments have seen a revival of the singular neutral when talking about individuals who don't follow binary gender conventions. 

Adjectives are almost always placed after the noun they qualify.
<!-- Adjectives derived from nouns often take on the suffix -''el(c)'', -''al(c)'', ''-ilc'' (/el/, /al/, /il/ ; masculine (masculine plural), feminine (feminine plural) and neuter plural, respectively) if the noun stem ends in a consonant ; or the suffix ''-le(c)'', -''la(c)'', -''lic'' (/le(s)/, /la(s)/, /lis/) if it ends in a vowel. As for adjectives derived from verbs, they're usually past participle with added suffixes for gender and number : ''-e(c)'', -''a(c)'', ''-i(c)''.
-->

====Comparative and superlative====

The comparative is formed with the prefix ha- before a consonant, hak- before a vowel.
The superlative is formed with the prefix su- and the definite article.

===Adverbs===

Adverbs are invariable and are usually formed from the old singular neutral form of an adjective by adding the suffix -ƿn /win/. Thus, an adjective derived from a noun will yield such adverbs as stemV-''lƿn'' (historically, stemV-''liƿn'') or stem-''ilƿn'', depending on the stem ending with a vowel or a consonant, and an adjective derived from a past participle will yield such adverbs as stemV-''dƿn'', stemV-''ƶ̆ƿn'', stem-''idƿn'' or stem-''iƶ̆ƿn''. Adverbs are usually placed directly after the word (verb or adjective) they modify.

===Prepositions===

To express many spatial or temporal relations and mark some diverse semantic roles, TolsianR relies on several function words which are placed before their complement and are thus prepositions. Here is a non-exhaustive list of prepositions :

<poem>
al - "to, towards" (direction)
ao - "at" (position)
alnit - "near, next to, around"
aldig - "around"
ante - "before" (temporal)
danæ̊ - "after" (temporal), "behind" (spatial)
dafac - "before, in front of" (spatial)
apratke - "so, in order to"
vek - "with"
meko - "home, at someone's home"
di - "in"
da - "of, from"
dal - "some" (partitive)
damêr - "since"
uduc - "under"
duc - "on, over"
ceda - "up to, until, till"
pur - "towards, to, till, for"
</poem>

==Derivative Morphology==

TolsianR makes use of both prefixes and suffixes to derive new words from older ones ; some suffixes can change a word's grammatical category, whereas both suffixes and prefixes can be used to alter the meaning of a word. Word compounding also exists but is less prevalent in modern Tolsian.

Here is a non-exhaustive list of prefixes and suffixes :

<poem>
'''Prefixes'''
a- turns a verb into a reflexive verb
u- creates an antonym
u- masculine (found mostly in animal names)
ki-, k- diminutive
go-, go͠- aumentative
nda- controll, will

'''Suffixes'''
-r turns a noun or an adjective into a verb (after an -a- or an -i-)
-ƃ turns a noun or an adjective into a verb
- æ̊ noun
- product
</poem>

==Syntax==

===Declarative Sentences===

Word order in simple declarative sentences can be SVO or SOV. It is thought SVO order is used to highlight the object more, while SOV would emphasize the process instead. Anyway, the important point is that the verb be placed after its subject in the sentence. In complex sentences with a main sentence and a dependent sentence, the order of the constituents is Subject - Verb- Dependent sentence. I suck at syntax. Inside the dependent sentence, the word order can be SOV or SVO as well, but is also commonly OSV.

===Questions===

In yes-no questions, the order can be VSO or OVS ; there is an inversion between subject and verb. In open questions ("wh-questions"), an interrogative pronoun is used and placed before the verb and the subject : Pronoun - Verb - Subject. If the question is precisely about the subject, then the order is Verb - Pronoun (like in "Says who ?").
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

[[Category:Languages]]