View source for Roshterian/Proto-Roshterian

'''Old Roshterian''' is the reconstructed intermediate stage between [[Proto-Talmic]] and [[Roshterian]]. It was spoken approximately at the same time [[Thensarian]] was spoken.

==Some words==
*φlat-nəm "seed" > Old Roshterian *ḽatnə > laaṉ "child (offspring)"
*tekts "child" > Old Roshterian *tejṱ, tejs- > ṯeit, ṯeis- "child (young human)"
*bonditejṱiə, bondejṱiə, bnejṱiə "child-bearer, child-rearer, babysitter" > breit, breiti- "woman"
*soliθe > OR höḽiṱe "5" > helit, lite-
*kabnənts > OR kabrəṋs "woman" > (lost)
*snuwem "round" > OR nǖ "fat" > ṉii "big"
*mārom "tree" > OR miəro "tree" > miar
*dēdī > dēdii "tears" > ḏeeḏ
*gwaθwā > baṱu "throat" > batu
*nā > ṋiə "I" > nia
*som, sam > hum "he"
*sausmam > hauma "moon" > hoom
*sk, st > ść, st > OR sṱ, st > st, s̱ṯ
*Final -s, -m, -r had been deleted in endings

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
a e i o u ə ö ü ā ē ī ō ū ȫ ǖ iə uə aj ej öj uj iw

ȫ > aa in later Roshterian; aa also emerges from CL

===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Medial
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| *ṋ
| *n
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| *ṱ
| *t
| 
| 
| *k
| *q
| 
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *ḓ
| *d
| 
| 
| *g
| 
| 
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| 
| 
| *s
| *σ
| 
| 
| 
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| 
| 
| 
|*ζ
| 
| 
|rowspan="2"|*ʁ
| 
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| *w
| *ḽ
| *l, *r
| 
| *y
| 
|  
|}

The "medial" consonants were retroflex, sje-like or bunched.

===Stress===
The initial stress in Proto-Talmic had shifted to penultimate by Pre-Roshterian. (becomes ultimate stress in Roshterian after final vowels are deleted)

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Case? Maybe just absolute/construct

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''ḽatnə'' 'seed'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Construct
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''ḽatnai'' || ''ḽatnə'' || ''hēḽatnə''
|}

Nouns also have an ''incorporated form'', used when the noun is used in noun incorporation.
<!--
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''weinyn''||''uweinyn''
|-
!|thy
|''weinys''||''uweinys''
|-
!|his/her (3)
|''weinyti''||''uweinyti''
|-
!|its (3)
|''weinyt''||''uweinyt''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''weinym''||''uweinym''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''weinys̱''||''uweinys̱''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''weinyc''||''uweinyc''
|-
!|their (3)
|''weinytu''||''uweinytu''
|-
!|(4)
|''weinypi''||''uweinypi''
|}
-->

===Verbs===
Verbs have absolute and conjunct stems, much like in Old Irish. With a preverb or an ''incorporandum'' (incorporated noun stem), the conjunct form is used.

The process of attaching preverbs such as prepositions to verbs was productive in Proto-Talmic, which then was repurposed for applicatives and for noun incorporation in Old Roshterian [unlike in Thensarian which took a path more akin to IE languages].

The forms came from the following stress pattern:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ Verb stress patterns in Pre-Roshterian [immediately after stress shift]
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | 
! style="width: 100px;" | preverb
! | 
! style="width: 100px;" | first
!  style="width: 100px;" | ...
!  style="width: 100px;" | penult
!  style="width: 100px;" | final
|-
! Absolute
| ''-'' 
! |
| '''secondary''' || unstressed || '''primary''' || unstressed 
|-
! Conjunct
| '''secondary''' 
! | 
| unstressed || unstressed|| '''primary''' || unstressed
|}

Handwave: This creates a succession of unstressed syllables in the conjunct form which gets smooshed together in Old Roshterian. Or maybe no syncope, but some sort of vowel harmonization

Examples:

{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''ṋoṱiəṋi'' "I rest" (independent) !! ''mī-ṋṱiəṋi'' "I do not rest" (dependent)
|-
| 1SG || ṋoṱiəṋi || mī-ṋṱiəṋi
|-
| 2SG || ṋoṱiəri || mī-ṋṱiəri
|-
| 3SG.M || ṋoṱiəmi || mī-ṋṱiəmi 
|-
| 3SG.F || ṋoṱiəsi || mī-ṋṱiəsi
|-
| 3SG.N || ṋoṱiə || mī-ṋṱiə
|-
| 1EX || ṋoṱiəmē || mī-ṋṱiəmē
|-
| 1IN || ṋoṱiəṋṱi || mī-ṋṱiəṋṱi
|-
| 2PL || ṋoṱiəsṱi || mī-ṋṱiəsṱi
|-
| 3PL || ṋoṱiəbi || mī-ṋṱiəbi
|}

For verbs that already have a preverb, this works a little differently. For example, consider the verb ''hē-poldəṋi'' "I praise", an applicative verb formed with ''hē-'' 'about' + ''poldəṋi'' 'sing':

{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''hē-poldəṋi'' "I praise" (independent) !! ''mīs-epoləṋi'' "I do not praise" (dependent)
|-
| 1SG || hē-poldəṋi || mīs-epoləṋi
|-
| 2SG || hē-poldəri || mīs-epoləri
|-
| 3SG.M || hē-poldəmi|| mīs-epoləmi
|-
| 3SG.F || hē-poldəsi || mīs-epoləsi
|-
| 3SG.N || hē-poldə || mīs-epolə
|-
| 1EX || hē-poldəmē || mīs-epoləmē
|-
| 1IN || hē-poldəṋṱi || mīs-epoləṋṱi
|-
| 2PL || hē-poldəsṱi || mīs-epoləsṱi
|-
| 3PL || hē-poldəbi || mīs-epoləbi
|}

Handwave: This creates a succession of unstressed syllables in the conjunct form which gets smooshed together in Old Roshterian. Or maybe no syncope, but some sort of vowel harmonization

===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ 
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''*ṋiə''
|''*iəm''
|-
!|1 + 2
|
|''???''
|-
!|2
|''*wēr''
|''???''
|-
!|3 (masculine)
|''*hum''
|rowspan="3"|''???''
|-
!|3 (feminine)
|''*hī''
|-
!|3 (inanimate)
|''*he''
|-
!|4 (obviative)
|colspan="2"| ''*pī''
|}



[[Category:Roshterian]]