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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Vurdbák (Lexicon)]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Þize síde in þiúskenь (This page in {{PAGENAME}})]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Musical system|Þe músiczegeskapь (Musical system)]]

{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image = 
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = þiúsk
|pronunciation = /θʲuːsk/
|region = Western Europe
|states = Thedeland
|speakers = 90 million
|date = 2015
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Oselo-Bruso-Thedic]]
|fam3=[[Thedish/Old|Old Thedish]]
|fam4=[[Thedish/Middle|Middle Thedish]]
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''THEED-ish''; natively ''þe þiúske mál'' /θə ˈθʲuːskə maːɫ/; from Proto-Thedic {{recon|''þiudьskъ''}}) is a "retconned Germanic" IE language spoken in [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]'s Thedeland (our Germany, Austria and Italy). More precisely, it is a [[Thedic languages|Thedic]] language; it does ''not'' descend from Proto-Germanic as we know it, although one could plausibly derive it from Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Thedes. {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.

==TODO==
Use Atče Glasatь for loans

Look at OE/Dutch for more vr- words

Try to express things with Germanic roots, but without calquing

==Orthography==
===Native script===
The native script, called ''þe þiúske vryt'' is a descendant of the Latin alphabet.
===Cyrillization===
А́ла маньскан синь буран фри́ ок яван а́н вурѳе ок а́нряғтам. Си́ синь бежа́вд мид фарстанда ок сини́дя́се ок ѳурван бедри́ван ын гашт ня́вьста им андань бра́ѳерхыдар.

==Phonology==
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by pairs of hard and soft consonants.
===Consonants===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| 
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Lateral
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''mь''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''nь''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
| 
| 
| 
| ||
| 
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || '''pь''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''tь''' {{IPA|tʲ}}  
|
|
| 
| '''kь''' {{IPA|kʲ}}|| '''k''' {{IPA|k}}
| ({{IPA|ʔ}})
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || '''bь''' {{IPA|bʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|d̪}} || '''dь''' {{IPA|dʲ}}
|
|
| 
| '''gь''' {{IPA|gʲ}} || '''g''' {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
!colspan="2" | Affricate
| || 
| '''c''' {{IPA|ts}} || '''cь''' {{IPA|tsʲ}}
| || 
| '''cz''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| || 
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''fь''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''sь''' {{IPA|sʲ}}
| '''þ''' {{IPA|θˠ}} 
| '''þь''' {{IPA|θʲ}}
| '''sz''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| '''chь, hь''' {{IPA|ç}}
| '''ch''' {{IPA|x}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''vь''' {{IPA|vʲ}}
| '''z''' {{IPA|z}} || '''zь''' {{IPA|zʲ}}
| 
| 
| '''ż''' {{IPA|ʒ}}
| 
| 
| 
|-
!colspan=2| Resonant
|  || 
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}} || '''rь''' {{IPA|ɾʲ}}
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''lь''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
| 
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|}

/tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native {{PAGENAME}}. /kʲ, gʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans.

Voiceless stops are aspirated unless after /s/, as in English and German.

Final /b(ʲ) d(ʲ) g(ʲ)/ are most often devoiced: ''dag'' [dak] 'day'.

Word-final or preconsonantal /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/ undergo preaspiration, but not prevocalic /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/: e.g. ''nat'' [naht] 'wet', but ''nate hiár'' [natə çɑːr] 'wet hair'.

Orthographical notes: 

*The '''ь''' is replaced with an '''i''' when followed by a vowel (the '''i''' is pronounced as palatalization).
*The soft sign '''ь''' and the palatalizing '''i''' soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default. (However, consonants do not soften before '''cz, ż, sz'''.) The hard sign '''ъ''' prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.

;Notes:

*Hard /θ/ is strongly velarized [θˠ]. Soft /θʲ/ may be [θ]. 
*In fast speech, hard /ɾ/ tends to become [ɹ] word-finally.
*Soft /ɾʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''.

Epenthesis is triggered in rC or lC clusters:
*''arm'' [ˈaɾəm] 'arm; dear'
*''stark'' [ˈstaɾəʰk] 'strong'
*''vurd'' [ˈvʊɾəd&#805;] 'word'
*''salt'' [ˈsaɫəʰt] 'salt'
*''żalv'' [ˈʒaɫəv] 'yellow'

===Vowels===
There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y y''' can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of '''i í'''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''í''' /iː/
| ('''y''' /ɨ/)
| ('''y''' /ɨː/)
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''é''' /eː/
| ('''e''' [ə])
| 
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''ó''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| 
| '''a''' /a/
| 
|
| '''á''' /ɑː/
|}

Word-initially '''i''' and '''í''' are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː].

==Dialects==
Different Thedish dialects mainly vary in grammar and vocabulary. 

*'''Standard Southern Thedish''' (''Nomichþiúsk''), spoken in the southern half of the peninsula, is the variety described in this article.
*'''Southern Thedish''', spoken in Sicily and the southernmost pasts of the peninsula, retains the accusative case in nouns, adjectives and articles, lost in other dialects. 
*'''Central Thedish''' lost the genitive case. Some vowel reflexes are also different: ''erþa'' 'earth' > ''jerþe'' (Standard ''jarþe''), ''sövъn'' '7' > ''seven'' (Standard ''sieven'').
*'''Western Thedish'''
*'''Upper''' or [[Thedish/Northern|'''Northern Thedish''']] (''Bórьsk'' or ''Uverþiúsk'') is spoken in a region near Austro-Bavaria, sometimes colloquially called ''Þruven Nurþet'' 'Up in the North'. It is grammatically more similar to [[Ufirlandisg]] and is nigh-unintelligible to other speakers.
===Example words===
*'man':
**Standard, Western, Southern ''mán''
**Northern ''viar'', Central ''vier''
*'big':
**Standard, Non-Southern ''mór''
**Southern ''grót''
*'to be painful':
**Standard, Central ''darien''
**Southern ''smiarten''
**Western ''bólien''
**Northern ''derь'', ''derie''
*'clothing':
**Non-Northern ''klyþ'' (m)
**Northern ''vestie'' (f)
*'very, a lot':
**Standard, Central ''svinþ''
**Southern ''syr''
**Western ''óczenь''
**Northern ''unvenь''
*'bright':
**Standard, Non-Southern ''bán''
**Southern ''briacht''
*'snake':
**Standard, Northern, Western ''nadre'' (f)
**Southern ''slange'' (f)
**Central ''snake'' (m)

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Like German, {{PAGENAME}} has 4 cases (''ptásier''):
*Nominative (''þí onmastcze'')
*Accusative (''þí étijatcze'')
*Dative (''þí dotcze'')
*Genitive (''þí żenьcze'')

However, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine (''mánlik'' or ''arsiènich'') and feminine (''vívlik'' or ''þiálich''); the neuter has merged with the masculine.

*The dative plural always ends in ''-em''.
*The genitive plural always ends in ''-en''.
*Nouns with the nominative plural in ''-er'' are always feminine. The converse is usually true except for a few nouns.
*For the masculine genitive singular, ''-es'' is used if the final consonant is ''t, d, s, z, þ'' or their soft counterparts. Otherwise ''-s'' is used.

====Articles====
{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''þe''.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" 
|+ '''Definite article'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural 
|-
! m. || f. 
|-
! nom.
| ''þe'' || ''þí'' || ''þí'' 
|-
! dat.
| ''þem'' || ''þier'' || ''þím'' 
|-
! gen.
| ''þes'' || ''þier'' || ''þier'' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" 
|+ '''Indefinite article'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular
|-
! m. || f.
|-
! nom.
| ''a, an'' || ''ne'' 
|-
! dat.
| ''nem'' || ''ner'' 
|-
! gen.
| ''nes'' || ''ner'' 
|}
Before vowels, ''an'' is used instead of ''a''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" 
|+ ''þiz'' 'this'
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural 
|-
! m. || f.
|-
! nom.
| ''þiz'' || ''þize'' || ''þize'' 
|-
! dat.
| ''þizem'' || ''þizer'' || ''þizem'' 
|-
! gen.
| ''þizes'' || ''þizer'' || ''þizer'' 
|}

Declined likewise are:
*''jén'' 'that'
*''ál'' 'all'
*''ylьk'' 'each'
*the possessive determiners ''mín; þín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín''

====Masculine consonant nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''vulf'' (m.) 'wolf'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þe vulf'' || ''þí vulf'''e''''' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þem vulf'' || ''þím vulf'''em''''' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þes vulf'''s''''' || ''þier vulf'''en''''' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''bazь'' (m.) 'berry'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þe bazь'' || ''þí bazie'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þem bazь'' || ''þím baziem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þes bazies'' || ''þier bazien'' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''sun'' (m.) 'son'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þe sun'' || ''þí sunie'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þem sun'' || ''þím suniem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þes suns'' || ''þier sunien'' 
|}

====n-stems====
Declined like attributive adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''name'' (m.) 'name'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þe nam'''e''''' || ''þí nam'''en''''' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þem nam'''enь''''' || ''þím nam'''em''''' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þes nam'''enь''''' || ''þier nam'''en''''' 
|}

Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''funie'' 'fire', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'servant', ''mage'' 'throat', ''óge'' 'eye', ''óre'' 'ear', ''szúe'' 'sky', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''vatie'' 'water', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.]

====Feminine nouns====
Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-eng'' (deverbal noun) or ''-hyd'' (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''naze'' (f.) 'nose'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí naze'' || ''þí naz'''er''''' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier naze'' || ''þím naz'''em''''' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier naz'''er''''' || ''þier naz'''en''''' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''miark'' (f.) 'girl'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí miark'' || ''þí miarker'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier miark'' || ''þím miarkem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier miarker'' || ''þier miarken'' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''óre'' (f.) 'clock'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí óre'' || ''þí órer'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier óre'' || ''þím órem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier órer'' || ''þier óren'' 
|}


{|þ class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''sundie'' (f.) 'vice'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí sundie'' || ''þí sundier'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier sundie'' || ''þím sundiem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier sundier'' || ''þier sundien'' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''starcze'' (f.) 'strength, starch'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí starcze'' || ''þí starczer'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier starcze'' || ''þím starczem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier starczer'' || ''þier starczen'' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''útriakneng'' (f.) 'bottom line, result'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí útriakneng'' || ''þí útriaknenger'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier útriakneng'' || ''þím útriaknengem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier útriaknenger'' || ''þier útriaknengen'' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''hond'' (f.) 'hand'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí hond'' || ''þí hondier'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier hond'' || ''þím hondiem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier honder'' || ''þier hondien'' 
|}

====Grab bag====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''mán'' (m.) 'man'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þe mán'' || ''þí mánier'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þem mán'' || ''þím mánem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þes máns'' || ''þier mánen'' 
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | r-stem: ''fadier'' (m.) 'father'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þe fadier'' || ''þí fadrie'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þem fadrie'' || ''þím fadriem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þes fadiers'' || ''þier fadrien'' 
|}

Also: ''bráþier'' 'brother'.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | r-stem: ''mádier'' (f.) 'mother'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''þí mádier'' || ''þí mádrier'' 
|-
! Dative
| ''þier mádier'' || ''þím mádriem'' 
|-
! Genitive
| ''þier mádrier'' || ''þier mádrien'' 
|}

Also: ''sviestier'' 'sister', ''duchtier'' 'daughter'.

===Adjectives===
====Declension====
Predicative adjectives use the bare stem.

For attributive adjectives, the following declension is used regardless of gender or definiteness (the following is the declension of ''hóch'' 'high, tall'):
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" 
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
! case || singular || plural 
|-
! nom.
| ''a/þe hóch'''e''' mán''<br/>''ne/þí hóch'''e''' piane'' || ''(þí) hóch'''en''' mánier''<br/>''(þí) hóch'''en''' pianer''
|-
! dat.
| ''nem/þem hóch'''enь''' mán''<br/>''ner/þier hóch'''enь''' piane'' || ''(þím) hóch'''em''' mánem'' <br/>''(þím) hóch'''em''' pianem''
|-
! gen.
| ''nes/þes hóch'''enь''' máns''<br/>''ner/þier hóch'''enь''' pianer'' || ''(þier) hóch'''en''' mánen''<br/>''(þier) hóch'''en''' pianen'' 
|}

Soft-stem adjectives such as ''skónь'' 'beautiful' are declined similarly.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" 
|+ '''Attributive declension for soft-stem adjectives'''
! case || singular || plural 
|-
! nom.
| ''skóni'''e''''' || ''skóni'''en''''' 
|-
! dat.
| ''skóni'''enь''''' || ''skóni'''em''''' 
|-
! gen.
| ''skóni'''enь''''' || ''skóni'''en''''' 
|}

====Degree====
The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-ьst'' (k, g, ch + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; cz, ż, sz + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; d/t/z/s + -ьst > d/t/z/s + -iest): ''svát, svátier, svátiest'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually ''þe/þí X-ste'' is used predicatively. Example: ''Mín tat isь þe baste'' = 'My dad is the best'. When used adverbially, superlatives use ''-ьst''.

Other degree words:

''svinþ'', ''óczenь'' (Western) = 'very'

''tá'' = 'too'

''jám X als'' = 'as X as'

''X-ier nisь'' = 'more X than'

''þe/þí X-ьste av'' = 'the most X of'

''þe/þí ál-X-ьste'' or ''þe/þí X-ьste av álem'' = 'the most X of all'

''miénier X'' = 'less X'

''miénьst X'' = 'least X'

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Meaning
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
! "good"
| ''gád'', ''vial'' (adv.)
| ''batier''
| ''baste''
|-
! "bad"
| ''kak''
| ''virsier*''
| ''virьste*''
|-
! "much, many"
| ''miczel, micz'' (not declined)
| ''myr''
| ''myste''
|-
! "few, little"
| ''fó''
| ''miénier''
| ''miénьste''
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal====
The 2pl ''úr'' is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.

The neuter pronoun ''et'' survives as a dummy pronoun: ''þídech riagnedь et'' 'Today it rained'.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=2 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive || rowspan="2" | impersonal || rowspan="2" | interrogative
|-
! m. || f. 
|-
! nom.
| ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' || ''-'' || ''sum'' || ''for''
|-
! acc.
| ''mik'' || ''þik'' || ''jan'' || ''í'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''í'' || ''sik'' || ''sumen'' || ''fan''
|-
! dat.
| ''mir'' (pronounced ''mír'') || ''þir'' (pronounced ''þír'') || ''jam'' || ''jar'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir'' (pronounced ''sír'') || ''sume'' || ''fam''
|-
! gen.
| ''mín'' || ''þín'' || ''jazer'' || ''jarer'' || ''unsier'' || ''úrer'' || ''jarer'' || ''sín'' || ''sín'' || ''fizer''
|}

The form ''bír'' comes from earlier ''vír'' which assimilated to the verb ending ''-em'' in inverted constructions: ''jatem bír'' 'we eat' < ''*jatem vír''.

The impersonal pronoun ''sum'' in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: ''Sum gáþ!'' 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)

Genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: ''Ik kánie a fríend jazer.'' 'I know a friend of his.'
=====Possessive pronouns=====
To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; the stems of ''unsier'' and ''úrer'' become ''unsь-'' and ''úr-'' when a suffix is added. The reflexive ''sín'' is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while ''jaz'' or ''jar'' refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject.

Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: ''Þe siag isь unsier!'' 'Victory is ours!'

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" 
|+ '''Possessive pronouns'''
! rowspan=2 | case || colspan=2 | singular || rowspan="2" | plural 
|-
! m. || f.
|-
! nom.
| ''mín''<br/>''þín''<br/>''sín''<br/>''jaz''<br/>''jar''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fiz'' || ''míne''<br/>''þíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize'' || ''míne''<br/>''þíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize'' 
|-
! dat.
| ''mínem''<br/>''þínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''mínem''<br/>''þínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem''
|-
! gen.
| ''míns''<br/>''þíns''<br/>''síns''<br/>''jazes''<br/>''jares''<br/>''unsies''<br/>''úres''<br/>''fizes'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer''
|}

====Demonstrative====
*''þiz'' = this; ''jén'' = that
*''þat'' = (anaphoric) that
*''for, fan, fam'' = who; ''fiz'' = whose; ''fat'' = what
*''fanь'' = when
*''fí'' = how; ''sá'' = like this/that, so, thus
*''fár'' = where; ''hiér'' = here; ''þár'' = there
*''fanьs, hienьs, þanьs'' = from where, from here, from there
*''fidier, hidier, þadier'' = to where, to here, to there
*''fár + preposition'' = where- + preposition; ''hiér + preposition'' = here- + preposition; ''þár + preposition'' = there- + preposition
*''fárup'' = why
*''filьk'' = which
*''salьk'' = such
*''ylьk'' = (one's) respective
**''Álmán háþ ylьke probliámen.'' = Everyone has their own problems.
**''Sum skál liáten ú riachnes biaren án úrem ylьkem biedrívengem.'' = Each of you will be held accountable for your own actions.
*''ál'' = all, every
*''byþe, byþem, byþer'' = both
*''álþing, álmán'' = everything, everyone
*''kniét, kniétfilьk'' = some (non-specific) 
*''kniétfat, kniétfor, kniétfár...'' = something, someone, somewhere (non-specific) [< *ik ne wait fat 'I don't know what' etc.]
*''jeþich'' = some (specific)
*''jeþfat, jeþmán, ...'' = something, someone (specific)
*''nýþing, nýmán'' = nothing, no one

===Adpositions===
====Prepositions taking both the dative and the accusative====
When governing the dative, these prepositions indicate location; when governing the accusative they indicate destination.
*''afte'' = after
*''án'' = (''high register'') on, upon; to, unto
*''biefur'' = before, in front of
*''yr'' = before (temporally)
*''at'' = at
*''in'' = in
**''in þem'' > ''im''
*''siúþen'' = after
*''uvier'' = over
*''up'' = on
*''út'' = outside of, out of

====Prepositions taking the accusative====
*''furь'' = for
*''gaszt'' = towards
*''sunder'' = without
*''þruch'' = through
*''um'' = around
*''viþ'' = against

====Prepositions taking the dative====
*''av'' = off, from
*''bí'' = of, at, in, also used like German ''bei'' to indicate 'at someone's place'
*''mid'' (pronounced ''mi'' before ''þ'') = with
**''mid þem'' > ''mim''
*''ta'' = to
**''ta'' + ''þem, þier'' > ''tam, tar''
*''úter'' = except

====Prepositions taking the genitive====
*''atstad'' = instead of
*''saker'' = because of
*''fíl'' = during

===Verbs===
Verbs have undergone some simplifications. For example:
*There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
*The past subjunctive has disappeared as a distinct form except ''viárie'' 'were, would be' and ''żenie'' 'would'. Modal verbs often use the past form for the past subjunctive.
====Weak verbs====
For the past dental suffix ''-ti-'' is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)''); ''-edi-'' is added if the stem ends in a ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)'' or a hard consonant other than ''k, g, ch''; ''-di-'' is added otherwise. Past participles are similar, with ''-d'' or ''-t''.
=====Hard weak=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''lióven'' 'to love''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present indicative
| ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvem'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || ''lióve'' ||  ''lióvem'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvenь''
|-
! past
| ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvediem'' || ''lióvedieþ'' || ''lióvedienь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''lióv!'' / ''lióve!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''lióveþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''lióvend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''lióved''
|}

Other examples: ''maken'' 'make', ''lirnen'' 'learn'

=====Soft weak=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''varmien'' 'to warm''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present indicative
| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmienь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmie'' ||  ''varmiem'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmienь''
|-
! past
| ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiediem'' || ''varmiedieþ'' || ''varmiedienь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''varmieþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''varmiend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''varmied''
|}

Other examples: ''orvydien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, bráchtie, brácht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þáchtie, þácht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

====Strong verbs====
Broad/slender messed up strong verbs a bit.
=====Strong class 1=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bíten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''bíte'' || ''bítier'' || ''bítieþ'' || ''bítem'' || ''bíteþ'' || ''bítenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''bíte'' || ''bíter'' || ''bíte'' ||  ''bítem'' || ''bíteþ'' || ''bítenь''
|-
! past
| ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || ''biteþ'' || ''bitenь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bítь!'' / ''bítie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bíteþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bítend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''biten''
|}
Also: ''színen, szin, szinen'' 'shine', ''dríven, driv, driven'' 'act', ''klíven, kliv, kliven'' 'stick, cling', ''vríten, vrit, vriten'' 'write', ''vríþen, vriþ, vriþen'' 'weave'.

=====Strong class 2=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''czúzen'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''czúze'' || ''czúzier'' || ''czúzieþ'' || ''czúzem'' || ''czúzeþ'' || ''czúzenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''czúze'' || ''czúzer'' || ''czúze'' ||  ''czúzem'' || ''czúzeþ'' || ''czúzenь''
|-
! past 
| ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czórem'' || ''czóreþ'' || ''czórenь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''czúzь!'' / ''czúzie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''czúzeþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''czúzend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''czuren''
|}
Also: ''biúden, biód, biuden'' 'offer, bid', ''biúgen, bióg, biugen'' 'bow', ''fliúgen, flióg, fliugen'' 'fly', ''fliún, flió, flióen'' 'flee, escape', ''friúzen, friór, friuren'' 'freeze', ''liúzen, liór, liuren'' 'lose'

=====Strong class 3=====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''binde'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindieþ'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindeþ'' || ''bindenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''binde'' ||  ''bindem'' || ''bindeþ'' || ''bindenь''
|-
! past
| ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biandem'' || ''biandeþ'' || ''biandenь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bindь!'' / ''bindie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindeþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bindend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''biunden''
|}

Also: ''bieżinen, bieżan, bieżunen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, briónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, driunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, fiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, griunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, riónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, spriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, siumben'' 'sing'; ''þrimben, þriamb, þriumben'' 'compel'.

=====Strong class 4=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry, to give birth''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''biare'' || ''b'''ie'''rier'' || ''b'''ie'''rieþ'' || ''biarem'' || ''biareþ'' || ''biarenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''biare'' || ''biarer'' || ''biare'' ||  ''biarem'' || ''biarþ'' || ''biarenь''
|-
! past
| ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biárem'' || ''biárþ'' || ''biárenь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bierь!'' / ''bierie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biareþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''biarend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''biuren''
|}
Also: ''briaken, briák, briuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, niumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, piumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, driusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, stiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, sviuren'' 'swear', ''viarpen, viárp, viurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, biungen'' 'to fear'

=====Strong class 5=====
Strong class 5 merges completely with strong class 6. The only difference is the softness of the initial consonant.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''żaven'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''żave'' || ''ż'''e'''vier'' || ''ż'''e'''vieþ'' || ''żavem'' || ''żaveþ'' || ''żavenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''żave'' || ''żaver'' || ''żave'' ||  ''żavem'' || ''żaveþ'' || ''żavenь''
|-
! past
| ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żávem'' || ''żáveþ'' || ''żávenь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''żevь!'' / ''żevie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''żaveþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''żavend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''żaven''
|}
Also: ''driapen, driáp, driapen'' 'hit', ''ferżaten, ferżát, ferżaten'' 'forget', ''liazen, liáz, liazen'' 'read', ''jaten, ját, jaten'' 'eat'. The verb ''sión, siáv, sión'' 'see' is irregular. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidien, biád, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''lieżen, liág, liagen'' 'lie'

=====Strong class 6=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''graven'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''grave'' || ''gravier'' || ''gravieþ'' || ''gravem'' || ''graveþ'' || ''gravenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''grave'' || ''graver'' || ''grave'' ||  ''gravem'' || ''graveþ'' || ''gravenь''
|-
! past
| ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || ''gráveþ'' || ''grávenь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''gravь!'' / ''gravie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''graveþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''gravend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''graven''
|}
Also: ''slagen, slág, slagen'' 'kill', ''standen, stánd, standen'' 'stand', ''vaksen, váks, vaksen'' 'grow', ''vasken, vásk, vasken'' 'wash'.

=====Strong class 7=====
halden, hyld, halden - to hold

fálen, fyl, fálen - to fall

liáten, lít, liáten - to let

sliápen, slíp, sliápen - to sleep

biegrán, biegry, biegrán - to become

====Preterite-present verbs====
=====''viten'' 'to know'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''viten'' 'to know''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''vite'' || ''viter'' || ''vite'' ||  ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь''
|-
! past
| ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || ''vistieþ'' || ''vistienь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''viteþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''vitend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''vist''
|}

=====''kónen'' 'can, be able to'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''kónen'' 'can''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kónem'' || ''kóneþ'' || ''kónenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''kóne'' || ''kóner'' || ''kóne'' ||  ''kónem'' || ''kóneþ'' || ''kónenь''
|-
! past
| ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndiem'' || ''kóndieþ'' || ''kóndienь'' 
|}
Similarly ''skólen'' 'shall' (''skóldь'' 'should')

=====''þurven'' 'to have to'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''þurven'' 'to have to' '''
! Tempus || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''þarv'' || ''þarv'' || ''þarv'' || ''þurvem'' || ''þurveþ'' || ''þurvenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''þurve'' || ''þurver'' || ''þurve'' ||  ''þurvem'' || ''þurveþ'' || ''þurvenь''
|-
! past
| ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdiem'' || ''þurvdieþ'' || ''þurvdienь'' 
|}

=====''dóren'' 'dare'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dóren'' 'dare''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórem'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || ''dóre'' ||  ''dórem'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórenь''
|-
! past
| ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstiem'' || ''durstieþ'' || ''durstienь'' 
|}

The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use: 
*''Fí durstie þú...'' = How dare you...
*''Ik durstь yncz erbaren þí anfer.'' = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.

=====''mogen'' 'may, have a possibility of'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''mogen'' 'have a possibility of''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mogem'' || ''mogeþ'' || ''mogenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''moge'' || ''moger'' || ''moge'' ||  ''mogem'' || ''mogeþ'' || ''mogenь''
|-
! past
| ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtiem'' || ''mochtieþ'' || ''mochtienь'' 
|}

The subjunctive of ''mogen'' is used for wishes like English ''may'':

*''Moge unsier land niamen víszt mid horielózem rícznesem'' = May our country be blessed with boundless riches

=====''máten'' 'be permitted to'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''máten'' 'be permitted to''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || ''máteþ'' || ''mátenь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''máte'' || ''máter'' || ''máte'' ||  ''mátem'' || ''máteþ'' || ''mátenь''
|-
! past
| ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || ''mástieþ'' || ''mástienь'' 
|}
=====''vín'' 'want'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''vín'' 'want''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || ''víþ'' || ''vínь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''vilie'' || ''vilier'' || ''vilie'' ||  ''viliem'' || ''vilieþ'' || ''vilienь''
|-
! past
| ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildiem'' || ''vildieþ'' || ''vildienь'' 
|}

====Other irregular verbs====
=====''bión'' 'be'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bión'' 'to be''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''siþ'' || ''sinь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''bió'' || ''biór'' || ''bió'' ||  ''bióm'' || ''bióþ'' || ''biónь''
|-
! past
| ''vaz'' || ''vast'' || ''vaz'' || ''viárem'' || ''viáreþ'' || ''viárenь'' 
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viáriem'' || ''viárieþ'' || ''viárienь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bióþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''biónd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''viáren''
|}

=====''dán'' 'do'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dán'' 'to do''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dám'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dánь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dá'' ||  ''dám'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dánь''
|-
! past
| ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || ''diéþ'' || ''diénь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''dáþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''dánd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''dán''
|}

=====''gán'' 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''gán'' 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' 
|-
! present
| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gám'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gánь'' 
|-
! subjunctive
| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gá'' ||  ''gám'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gánь''
|-
! past indicative
| ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || ''żangeþ'' || ''żangenь'' 
|-
! past subjunctive<sup>1</sup>
| ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żeniem'' || ''żenieþ'' || ''żenienь'' 
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''gáþ!'' || ''-'' 
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''gánd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''żangen''
|}
<sup>1</sup> Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.

Also: ''fán, fiang, fiangen'' - to get, to obtain

==Syntax==
{{PAGENAME}} word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German.

:'''''Fanь ik vakse up, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.'''''
:''When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.''
===Negation===
The negative particle is ''yncz'' and is used like negative particles in typical Germanic languages.

:'''''Drincz yncz þe vatie, er isь fúl!'''''
:''Don't drink the water, it's dirty!''

===Possession===
Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þí żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite and animate: ''míns fadiers żáve''.

For predicative possession {{PAGENAME}}, in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, can use a construction similar to Irish: ''Et sinь at mír tvy sunie.'' "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish ''Tá dhá mhac agam'')

===Passive===
The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.

For example, ''Þe káke piám jaten.'' or ''Þe káke niám jaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.'

Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun ''sum'' as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized.

===Simple tenses===
====Simple present====
The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true facts, like the English simple present.

:'''''Ik biange mik av nadrem.'''''
:''I'm afraid of snakes.''

====Simple past====
The simple past is like the English simple past.
====Subjunctive====
The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement.
:'''''Ik ví þat er blyve mid mír.'''''
:''I want him to stay with me.''

====Imperative====
Exactly what it says on the tin.

===Compound tenses===
====Progressive====
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Thedish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive.
* ''Ik jém at jaten þe apel.'' "I am eating the apple."
* ''Þe hund vaz at þróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him."

====Perfect====
The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary ''hán'' + past participle.
* ''Ik há jaten þe apel.'' "I have eaten the apple."

====Future====

===Clauses===
====Conjunctions====
*''ok'' = and
*''oþ'' = or
*''nierь'' = but
*''þóch'' = although
*''fanь'' = when
*''þá'', ''als'' (literary) = when
*''ydier... oþ...'' = either... or...
*''niádier... nok...'' = neither... nor...
*''saker'' = because
*''þat'' = that (can be used with ''moge'' + infinitive (present) or ''mochtь'' + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses)
**''Ik '''biesmulte''' et, þat anþere '''mogen''' ferstanden.'' = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand.'
**''Ik '''biesmultedie''' et, þat anþere '''mochtien''' ferstanden.'' = 'I explained it so that others might understand.'
*''iv'' = if (used for conditions that could be true)
*''sadь'' = if (used for counterfactual conditions)
*''þánь'' = then
*''nisь'' = than
*''þus'' = so, thus
*''als'' = as
*''sáls'' = like
*''alsá'' = thus, therefore

====Relative clauses====
{{PAGENAME}} relative clauses use the relativizer ''þat'', and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument.

The ''þár-'' words are used for prepositional objects that are inanimates; the personal pronouns are used for animates.
*''Þí piane þat ik żáv jar fáde þankedie mir.'' = 'The woman I gave food to thanked me.' (lit. the woman that I gave her food)
**Or: ''Þí piane jar ik żáv fáde þankedie mir.''
*''þe urd þat ik rián þárav'' or ''þe urd þárav ik rián'' = 'the place I ran from'

====Inverted "if" clause====
Like in German. In formal Thedish, the verb, if in present tense, is put in the subjunctive.
====Exclamatory inversion====
:'''''Brá, isь sianyrьsk ogel!'''''
:''Boy, is Old Irish complicated!''

==Numbers==

0-10: siúver, yn, tvy, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siém, acht, nión, tién
/sɨ:r, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲe:m, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/

11-19: ylьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién
/ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/

20-90: tvyntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich
/tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./

21, 22, ...: yn-án-tvyntich, tvy-án-tvyntich, ...

100: hunderþ
/hʊndərθ/

Ordinal numbers are formed with ''-te'' or ''-þe'' (weak declension): ''siúverþe, yrste, tvyþe, þridie, fiórþe, finfþe, ...''

Plural numerals ''tvy, þrí, fiór, ...'' have genitive forms ''tvyer, þríer, fiórer, ...''. Formal Thedish may use the dative forms ''tvym, þríem, fiórem, ...''.

==Vocabulary==
A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and prefixes):

''Þe druke map isь at ferbytren þe móre ave.'' = the bad boy is crossing the big river.

===Derivational morphology===
*''-ъ-'' is often used in compound words.
*''bie-'': "be-", forms applicatives
*''-bier'': '-able'
*''-czen'' (m): diminutive
**''þe kotczen'' 'kitten' < ''þe kot'' 'cat'
*''-dám'' (m): "-dom"
**''kuniengdám'' = kingdom
**''þe júdendám'' = Judaism
*''end-'': 'de-, dis-'
**''endyren'': 'dishonor'
*''er-'': telic
*''fer-'': "for-"
*''fur-'': "fore-"
*''-fól'': "-ful"
**''fóliefól'': "complete" < ''fólie'' 'fullness; fill'
*''ge-'': intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns
**A false example: ''geliór'' ('galore', from Irish ''go leor'')
*''-hyd'' /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
**''sialvhyd'': 'identity'
*''-ich'': "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
**''ynóżich'': 'one-eyed' < ''yn'' 'one' + ''óge'' 'eye'
**''kaldhiertich'': 'coldhearted'
*''-iel'': forms nouns
**''þe lapiel'': 'spoon'
**''þe katiel'': 'kettle'
*''-izen'': "-ize", from PGmc ''-isōną''
*''-elen'': "-le", German ''-eln'' (frequentative verbs)
*''-lóz'': "-less"
**''andielóz'': 'endless' < ''þe andie'' 'end'
*''-ling'' (m): "-ling"
*''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
**''dażlik'' 'daily' < ''þe dag'' 'day'
**''vurdlik'' 'literal' < ''þe vurd'' 'word'
*''mis-'': "mis-"
**''misdiád'': "misdeed, misdemeanor"
*''-nes'' (f; pl. ''-nesier''): forms nouns from verbs
*''-nie'': feminine suffix
**''þí lyriernie'' 'teacher (female)' < ''þe lyrierь'' 'teacher'
**''þí fuksnie'' 'vixen' < ''þe fuks'' 'fox'
*''sam-'': equi-, con-, together
*''-sam'': "-some"
**''ynsam'' 'lonely' < ''yn'' 'one'
**''gefiársam'' 'dangerous' < ''þí gefiár'' 'danger'
**''vysam'' 'woeful' < ''þe vy'' 'woe'
*''-sk'': "-ish"
*''-skapie'': "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people
**''simbskapie'' = chorus
*''tier-'': German ''zer-''
*''tví-'': "twi-"
*''un-'': "un-" (negation or opposite)
**''þí unróe'' 'unrest, unease'
*''ur-''
**''þe urdylь'' 'decision' < ''dylь'' 'part'
*''-eng/-ieng'': forms nouns from verbs
**''þí sriáleng'' 'radiation' < ''sriálen'' 'shine, radiate'
**''þí hytieng'' 'heating' < ''hytien'' 'to heat'
*''-lív'' = -ery, -erei

==Phrasebook==
*''Hyl!'' = 'Hello!'
**''Hyl þir!'' = 'Hello!' (informal AND to one person)
**''Hyl ú!'' = 'Hello!' (formal OR to more than one person)
*''Gáde murgen/dag/jévend/nachtie!'' = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
*''Vilьpiumen!'' = 'Welcome!'
*''ónetú'' (formal OR to more than one person) / ''óneþir'' (informal AND to one person) = 'please' (lit. may it please you/if it pleases you)
*''Þank!'' = 'Thank you!'
*''Rió isь mir.'' = 'I'm sorry.'
*''Rió'sь.'' = 'Sorry.'
*''Fí hyteþ úr?'' = 'What is your name?'
*''Ik hyte ...'' = 'My name is ...'
*''Fanьs piameþ úr?'' = 'Where are you from?'
*''Ik piame av...'' = 'I'm from ...'
**''Angland.'' = 'England'.
**''Þiúskland.'' = 'Thedeland.'
**''Yreland.'' = 'Ireland.'
**''Kamberland.'' = 'Wales.'
*''Spriakeþ ú ...'' = 'Do you speak ...'
**''... angelьsk?'' = '... English?'
**''... jélienьsk?'' = '... Greek?'
**''... árebьsk?'' = Arabic?
**''... valьsk?'' = '... Medh Chêl?'
**''... karniesk?'' = Cornish?
**''... tiurьsk?'' = '... [[Türiit]]?'
*''Já.'' = 'Yes.'
**''Já, úr máteþ.'' = 'Yes, you may.'
*''Ny.'' = 'No.'
*''Ik spriake yncz þiúsk.'' = 'I can't speak Þiúsk.'
*''Mát ik ú þúten?'' = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using ''þú'')?'
*''Isь þat sanþ?'' = 'Is that true?'
*''Óneþ ú...'' / ''Ónenь ú...'' = 'Do you like...'
*''mír óneþ... / mír ónenь...'' = 'I like...'
*''mír żenie ónen...'' = 'I would like...'
*''Míne hond isь in varmenь vatienь.'' = My hand is in warm water.
*''Mín stiúl isь in míner hond.'' = My pen is in my hand.
*''mín druchtien/míne fróje'' = sir/miss (polite way to address strangers)

==Names==
TODO: P-Celtic, Greek and Hebrew names
*''Biarhard'' (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard) 
*''Gardie'' (f.) (~ Gerðr)
*''Gyr-'' ("spear")
**''Gyrhard'' (~ Gerhard)
**''Gyrnod'' (~ Gernot)
**''Gyrъhildь'' (~ Gerhilde)
*''Hazel'' /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel")
*''Hildie'' /çɪlʲdʲə/, ''-hildь'' (f.) (< hildiz "battle")
*''Kól'' (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel")
*''Machtildь'' (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild)
*''Onlyv'' (m.) (~ Olaf)
*''Priten'' (m.) (~ Brittany)
*''Sanþie'' /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth")
*''Siag-'' ("victory")
**''Siagfriuþ'', ''Siaghildь'', ...
*''Svyn'' /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven)
*''Þuner'' (m.) (*Þunraz)
*''Váden'' /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin)
*''Vulf'' /vʊɫəf/ (m.)

==Days of the week==
*miándag = Monday
*tiúsdag = Tuesday
*vánsdag = Wednesday
*þórsdag = Thursday
*frídag = Friday
*lórdag = Saturday
*sóndag = Sunday

==Elements==
Elements are masculine.
*vatiestuf = hydrogen
*heli = helium
*liþi = lithium
*palьstuf = nitrogen
*súrstuf = oxygen
*natri = sodium
*liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
*sviál = sulfur
*yriene = copper
*siulver = silver
*tin = tin
*fítgulþ = platinum
*gulþ = gold
*piksiulver = mercury (element)
*bliú = lead

==Sample texts==
===Featured language banner===
:'''''Þiz spriakmál vaz ynst furrichtied.'''''
:''This language was once featured.''

:'''''Þank jazer upmiáter pojotiáter, fínhyder ok davlikhyder geczór sum ta furrichtien jan.'''''
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''

===VENI, VIDI, VICI===
:'''''Ik piám, ik só, ik siagdie.'''''
:I came, I saw, I conquered.

===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Álgemynie Útriádeng þier Manьskenánriachten'''''
:'''''Artìkel 1'''''
:'''''Ále mánьsken sinь buren frí ok javen án vurþie ok ánriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstand ok konszijèncie ok þurven biedríven yn gaszt niávьste im andenь bráþierhyder.'''''
:[ˈɑːɫə ˈmɑːnʲskən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək ˈjavən ɑ:n ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ k ˈɑ:nʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd mʲɪd fərˈstand ək kɔʃi'jɛntsʲə | ək ˈθˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn andə ˈbrɑːθʲɪɾiːdəɾ]
:''All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''

===Schleicher's Fable===
'''''Þe száp ok þí ruse'''''

''A száp sunder vóle siáv ruse: yn at tiúchen a þunge vage, yn at biaren ne móre lost, ok yn at snióm biaren a mánьsk. Þe száp sażdie þím rusem: "Þe hiarte isь mir syr, fanь ik sióe a mánьsk at dríven ruse án." Þí ruse sażdienь: "Lusnie, száp, þe hiarte isь unsь  syr saker þiz hám bír sióen: a mánьsk, þe druchtien, makeþ sir a varme klyþ út þier szápen vóle, ok þe száp háþ niót vóle myr." Als þe száp hóriedie þiz, flióch er þruch þí miédve.''

===Gettysburg Address===
''Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án þizem jarþedylie a niúe þióde, tiúszt in fríhyd, ok ervíszt þier belóvnes þat ale manьsken sinь skafen javen.''

===Mín fadierland isь míne arm'===
National anthem of Thedeland

<poem>
''Mín fadierland isь míne arm',''
''Jam ik mín hiarte żav',''
...
</poem>

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]