View source for Plevian

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'''Plevian''' (native: ''pleviano'', ''sa dengua pleviana'') is an Italic language descended from Old Latin.
{{Infobox language
|name = Plevian
|nativename = sa dengua pleviana
|pronunciation = sa ˈdeŋɡʷa pleˈvʲana; sa ˈðeŋɡʷa ɸleˈvʲana
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Europe
<!--
|states = 
|nation = 
|speakers = -->
|date = 2023
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latin|Latin]]
|ancestor = [[w:Old_Latin_language|Old Latin]]
|ancestor2 = Old Plevian
<!--
|iso1 = 
|iso2 = 
|iso3 = -->
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
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|agency        = -->
}}

==Introduction==

<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->

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Goals
Setting
Inspiration

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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:

Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation

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==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:

Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation

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===Orthography===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Plevian orthography
|-
! Grapheme !! Environment !! IPA !! Remarks
|-
| a || everywhere || {{IPA|a}} ||
|-
| b || everywhere || {{IPA|b}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[β]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| rowspan="2"| c || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || {{IPA|tʃ}} || May be pronounced [ʃ] in leniting environments.
|-
| before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|k}} || rowspan="2"| May be pronounced [x] in leniting environments.
|-
| ch || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ || {{IPA|k}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| ci || before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, or ⟨e⟩ || {{IPA|tʃ}} || May be pronounced [ʃ] in leniting environments.
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|tʃi}} ||
|-
| cj || before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|tʃ}} || May be pronounced [ʃ] in leniting environments.
|-
| d || everywhere || {{IPA|d}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ð]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| dz || everywhere || {{IPA|dz}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[z]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| e || everywhere || {{IPA|e}} ||
|-
| f || everywhere || {{IPA|f}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| g || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|ɡ}} || rowspan="2"| May be pronounced {{IPA|[ɣ]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| gh || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| gi || before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, or ⟨e⟩ || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|dʒi}} ||
|-
| gj || before a consonant; word-finally || {{IPA|dʒ}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| rowspan="2"| gu || before vowels || {{IPA|ɡw}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} in leniting environments.
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|ɡu}} ||
|-
| h || all || {{IPA|χ}} || 
|-
| rowspan="2"| i || before vowels || {{IPA|j}} || 
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|i}} || 
|-
| j || everywhere || {{IPA|j}} || 
|-
| k || in loanwords || {{IPA|k}} || May be pronounced [x] in leniting environments.
|-
| l || everywhere || {{IPA|l}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| li || before vowels || {{IPA|ʎ}} ||
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|li}} ||
|-
| m || everywhere || {{IPA|m}} ||
|-
| n || everywhere || {{IPA|n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| ni || before vowels || {{IPA|ɲ}} ||
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|ni}} ||
|-
| o || everywhere || {{IPA|o}} || 
|-
| p || everywhere || {{IPA|p}} || May be pronounced [ɸ] in leniting environments.
|-
| qu || everywhere || {{IPA|kw}} || May be pronounced [xʷ] in leniting environments. Doubled as ⟨cqu⟩.
|-
| r || everywhere || {{IPA|r}} || 
|-
| rowspan="2"| s || between vowels; before voiced consonants || {{IPA|z}} || The [s~z] allophony is optional in word-initial position, and tends to co-occur with stop lenition.
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|s}} || The combination /stʃ/ is often pronounced [ʃː].
|-
| t || everywhere || {{IPA|t}} || May be pronounced [θ] in leniting environments.
|-
| rowspan="2"| u || before vowels || {{IPA|w}} || After a consonant, usually pronounced as labialization {{IPA|[ʷ]}}.
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|u}} || 
|-
| v || everywhere || {{IPA|v}} || 
|-
| w || in loanwords || {{IPA|ɡw}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} between vowels.
|-
| rowspan="2"| x || before vowels; before voiced consonants || {{IPA|ʒ}} || The [ʃ~ʒ] allophony is optional in word-initial position, and tends to co-occur with stop lenition.
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|ʃ}} || 
|-
| rowspan="3"| xi || between vowels || {{IPA|ʒ}} ||
|-
| before vowels otherwise || {{IPA|ʃ}} ||
|-
| otherwise || {{IPA|ʃi~ʒi}} || See above for allophony.
|-
| rowspan="2"| y || in loanwords before vowels || {{IPA|j}} || 
|-
| in loanwords otherwise || {{IPA|i}} || 
|-
| z || everywhere || {{IPA|ts}} || May be pronounced [s] in leniting environments.
|-
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Plevian consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar/<br />Palatal
! Velar/<br />Guttural
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
| (ɲ)<sup><small>1</small></sup>
| (ŋ)<sup><small>2</small></sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| k
|-
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɡ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tʃ
|
|-
! voiced
|
| dz
| dʒ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| s
| ʃ
| χ
|-
!  voiced
| v
| (z)<sup><small>3</small></sup>
| (ʒ)<sup><small>3</small></sup>
| 
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| 
| j
| w
|-
! colspan="2"| Lateral
|
| l
| (ʎ)<sup><small>1</small></sup>
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
| r
|
|
|}
'''Notes:'''

<sup><small>1</small></sup> [ɲ] and [ʎ] are surface realizations of underlying /nj/ and /lj/ respectively.

<sup><small>2</small></sup> [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before velars.

<sup><small>3</small></sup> [z] and [ʒ] are allophones of /s/ and /ʃ/ respectively between vowels and before voiced sounds.

<sup><small>4</small></sup> Most consonants can be labialized and/or palatalized. However, these are considered to be sequences of consonant + /w/ or /j/ respectively.

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Plevian monophthong vowels
!
![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
![[w:Central vowel|Central]]
![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|i
|
|u
|-
![[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|
|o
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
|a
|
|-
|}
In addition to the monopthongs above, the following diphthongs are possible:
*Rising: ''ia, ie, io, iu, ua, ue, uo, ui''
*Falling: ''ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou''
The most common diphthongs are ''ia, ua, ue,'' and ''io''. Additionally, ''ui'' is common after /k/ and /ɡ/. The remaining diphthongs are rare.

Note that the glide in falling diphthings is usually realized as palatalization (in the case of ''-i-'') or labialization (in the case of ''-u-'').

===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
====Epenthetic consonants====
When a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning in a vowel, an epenthetic consonant is usually inserted.

In the case of nouns and adjectives, the consonant used is ''-n''.

Third person plural verbs, while not ending in a vowel, take an epenthetic ''-t'' before vowel-initial words.

Other words can have varying epenthetic consonants (such as ''-n'', ''-d'', ''-b'', ''-g'', ''-t'', etc.) depending on their etymology.

Examples:
*''a'' "to" + ''America'' > ''ad America''
*''da'' "away from, out lf" + ''America'' > ''dab America''
*''femna'' "woman" + ''alta'' "tall" > ''femnan alta''
*''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amad arbrex''
*''aman'' "they love" + ''arbrex'' > ''amant arbrex''

Counter-examples:
*''de'' "of, from" + ''America'' > ''de America''
*''amo'' "I love" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amo arbrex''

====Syntactic gemination====
Certain pronouns and particles cause the first consonant of a following consonant-initial word to geminate.

In most cases, these are the same words that add an epenthetic ''-d'', ''-g'', or ''-b'' when the following word begins in a vowel.

Examples:
*''a'' "to" + ''Canada'' > ''a cCanada''
*''da'' "away from, out of" + ''Canada'' > ''da cCanada''
*''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''carne'' "meat" > ''ama ccarne''

==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
-->
===Nouns===
Nouns may be masculine or feminine.

Nouns are pluralized in ''-x''. After a consonant, this ending becomes ''-ex''.

Nouns ending in a vowel add an epenthetic ''-n'' when followed by a word beginning in a vowel.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree with the noun they govern in gender and number.

Adjectives whose masculine forms end in ''-o'' are feminized in ''-a''. Otherwise, the masculine and feminine forms are identical. Adjectives ending in a vowel add an epenthetic ''-n'' when immediately followed by a vowel.

Like nouns, adjectives are pluralized in ''-(e)x''.

===Articles===
Articles precede the noun they govern and agree with it in gender and number.

The definite article is ''so'', declined as below:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Masculine
| so(n) || sox
|-
! Feminine
| sa(n) || sax
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

<sup><small>1</small></sup> ''-n'' is added before words beginning in vowels.

The indefinite article is ''gueno'', declined as below:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Masculine
| guen(o)<sup><small>1</small></sup> || guenox
|-
! Feminine
| guen(a)<sup><small>2</small></sup> || guenax
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

<sup><small>1</small></sup> ''-o'' is added before words beginning in consonant clusters.

<sup><small>2</small></sup> ''-a'' is dropped before words beginning in vowels.

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! rowspan="2" | Object !! colspan="2"| Clitic object !! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
! Direct || Indirect || Weak || Strong
|-
! 1S
| mu || me || me(n) || me(d/G) || mo(n) || mexxo
|-
! 2S
| tu || te || te(n) || te(d/G) || to(n) || texxo
|-
! 3SM
| gio || gio || gio(n) || gio(d/G) || gio(n) || gioxxo
|-
! 3SF
| gia || gia || gia(n) || gia(d/G) || gia(n) || giaxxo
|-
! 3R
| su || se || se(n) || se(d/G) || so(n) || siaxxo
|-
! 1P
| nox || nox || nox || nox || nox || nuastro
|-
! 2P
| gox || gox || gox || gox || gox || guastro
|-
! 3PM
| giox || giox || giox || giox || giox || gioro
|-
! 3PF
| giax || giax || giax || giax || giax || giaro
|-
|}
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Essanian numerals
|-
! !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Fractional
|-
! 0
| zero(n) || zerosmo(n), -a(n) || —
|-
! 1
| gueno(n), guena(n) || primo(n), -a(n) || —
|-
! 2
| dúox, dúax || secondo(n), -(n) || semesse(n)
|-
! 3
| trix || tiarzo(n), -a(n) || triante(n)
|-
! 4
| quáttor || quarto(n), -a(n) || quadrante(n)
|-
! 5
| quenche || quempto(n), -a(n) || quemptante(n)
|-
! 6
| siapx || siasto(n), -a(n) || sestante(n)
|-
! 7
| siapte(n) || siápmo(n), -a(n) || sepmante(n)
|-
! 8
| guapto || optago(n), -a(n) || optagante(n)
|-
! 9
| nuaghe(n) || nono(n), -a(n) || nonante(n)
|-
! 10
| diace(n) || diacmo(n), -a(n) || decmante(n)
|-
! 11
| guence(n) || guendecmo(n), -a(n) || guendecmante(n) 
|-
! 12
| duocce(n) || duodiacmo(n), -a(n) || duodecmante(n)
|-
! 13
| trecce(n) || trediacmo(n), -a(n) || tredecmante(n)
|-
! 14
| quattorce(n) || quattordiacmo(n), -a(n) || quattordecmante(n)
|-
! 15
| quince(n) || quindiacmo(n), -a(n) || quindecmante(n)
|-
! 16
| secce(n) || sediacmo(n), -a(n) || sedecmante(n)
|-
! 17
| septence(n) || septendiacmo(n), -a(n) || septendecmante(n)
|-
! 18
| optocce(n) || optodiacmo(n), -a(n) || optodecmante(n)
|-
! 19
| nogence(n) || nogendiacmo(n), -a(n) || nogendecmante(n)
|-
! 20
| guigenti || guigesmo(m), -a(m) || guigesmante(n)
|-
! 21
| guigenti-gueno(n), -a(n) || guigenti-primo(n), -a(n) || guigenti-guenante(n)
|-
! 22
| guigenti-dúox, -dúax || guigenti-secondo(n), -a(n) || guigenti-duante(n)
|-
! 23
| guigenti-trix || guigenti-tiarzo(n), -a(n) || guigenti-triante(n)
|-
! 30
| trigenta || trigesmo(n), -a(n) || trigesmante(n)
|-
! 40
| quadragenta || quadragesmo(n), -a(n) || quadragesmante(n)
|-
! 50
| quencagenta || quencagesmo(n), -a(n) || quencagesmante(n)
|-
! 60
| sepsagenta || sepsagesmo(n), -a(n) || sepsagesmante(n)
|-
! 70
| sepmagenta || sepmagesmo(n), -a(n) || sepmagesmante(n)
|-
! 80
| optagenta || optagesmo(n), -a(n) || optagesmante(n)
|-
! 90
| nonagenta || nonagesmo(n), -a(n) || nonagesmante(n)
|-
! 100
| cianto(n) || centesmo(n), -a(n) || centesmante(n)
|-
! 200
| duox-ciantox || duox-centesmo(n), -a(n) || duox-centesmante(n)
|-
! 1000
| milli || millesmo(n), -a(n) || millesmante(n)
|-
! 2000
| duox-millia || duox-millesmo(n), -a(n) || duox-millesmante(n)
|-
! 10⁶
| millione(n) || milllionesmo(n), -a(n) || millionesmante(n)
|-
! 10⁹
| milliardo(n) || milliardesmo(n), -a(n) || milliardesmante(n)
|-
! 10¹²
| billione(n) || billlionesmo(n), -a(n) || billionesmante(n)
|}

===Verbs===
====Verb classes====
There are five verb classes:
#''-are'' verbs (class 1)
#''-ere'' verbs (class 2)
#Non-palatalized ''-re'' verbs (class 3)
#Palatalized ''-re'' verbs (class 4)
#''-ire'' verbs (class 5)

====Present indicative====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! Class !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5
|-
! 1S
| -o || -io || -o || -io || -io
|-
! 2S
| -ax || -ex || -ex || -ix || -ix
|-
! 3S
| -a(d/G) || -e(d/G) || -e(d/G) || -i(d/G) || -i(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -amox || -emox || -mox || -mox || -imox
|-
! 2P
| -atex || -etex || -tex || -tex || -itex
|-
! 3P
| -an(t) || -en(t) || -on(t) || -ion(t) || -ion(t)
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
# Before a glide ''-i-'', labialized consonants lose their labialization. This applies in the 1S for Class 2, 4, and 5 verbs and the 3P for Class 4 & 5 verbs. Additionally, Class 4 & 5 verbs whose stems end in coronal consonants undergo stem changes in the 1S and 3P forms:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
! Expected !! Changed to
|-
| ti
| z
|-
| di
| dz
|-
| si
| x
|-
| zi
| ci
|-
|}
#Verbs whose stem end in velar stops (''-c-'' or ''-g-'') maintain their spelling throughout the present indicative regardless of whether that would result in a "hard" or "soft" pronunciation. On the other hand, verbs whose stem ends in ''-ch-'' or ''-gh-'' drop the ''-h-'' when they are not followed by front vowels.

====Present subjunctive====
The present subjunctive is formed by removing ''-o'' from the 1S present indicative and adding the following endings:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Class !! 1 !! Others
|-
! 1S
| -e(n) || -a(n)
|-
! 2S
| -ex || -ax
|-
! 3S
| -e(d/G) || -a(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -emox || -amox
|-
! 2P
| -etex || -atex
|-
! 3P
| -en(t) || -an(t)
|-
|}
Class 1 verbs whose stems end in a velar stop maintain their lack of palatalization in the present subjunctive.
====Imperfect indicative====
The imperfect stem is formed by removing ''-o'' or (only for Class 2 verbs) ''-io'' from the 1S present indicative and adding the following endings:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Class !! 1 !! Others
|-
! 1S
| -ava(n) || -eva(n)
|-
! 2S
| -avax || -evax
|-
! 3S
| -ava(d/G) || -eva(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -avamox || -evamox
|-
! 2P
| -avatex || -evatex
|-
! 3P
| -avan(t) || -evan(t)
|-
|}
====Imperfect subjunctive====
The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the following endings to the verb's infinitive:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Class !! All
|-
! 1S
| -(n)
|-
! 2S
| -x
|-
! 3S
| -(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -mox
|-
! 2P
| -tex
|-
! 3P
| -n(t)
|-
|}
====Future====
The future is formed by adding the following endings to the imperfect stem:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Class !! 1 !! Others
|-
! 1S
| -avo || -evo
|-
! 2S
| -avex || -evex
|-
! 3S
| -ave(d/G) || -eve(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -ammox || -emmox
|-
! 2P
| -aptex || -eptex
|-
! 3P
| -avon(t) || -evon(t)
|-
|}

====Future perfect====
The future perfect is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive stem with ''-re'' removed:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Class !! 1, 2, 5!! 3, 4
|-
! 1S
| -sso || -so
|-
! 2S
| -ssex || -sex
|-
! 3S
| -sse(d/G) || -se(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -ssemox || -semox
|-
! 2P
| -ssetex || -setex
|-
! 3P
| -ssen(t) || -sen(t)
|-
|}

====Perfect indicative====
The perfect indicative is formed by adding the following endings to the perfect stem:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! All classes
|-
! 1S
| -e
|-
! 2S
| -este
|-
! 3S
| -e(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -mox
|-
! 2P
| -estex
|-
! 3P
| -ron(t)
|-
|}
The perfect stem is derived from the present stem in different ways depending on the verb. 
*Regular Class 1 & 5 verbs form it by removing ''-re'' from the infinitive and adding ''-g(h)-'' (always hard).
*Regular Class 2, 3, and 4 verbs form it by adding ''-u-'' to the present stem.
*There are many irregular verbs, especially in classes 2-4 (and sometimes 5).

====Perfect subjunctive====
The perfect subjunctive is formed by adding the following endings to the perfect stem:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! All classes
|-
! 1S
| -re(n)
|-
! 2S
| -rex
|-
! 3S
| -re(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -remox
|-
! 2P
| -retex
|-
! 3P
| -ren(t)
|-
|}
====Pluperfect indicative====
The pluperfect indicative is formed by adding the following endings to the perfect stem:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! All classes
|-
! 1S
| -ra(n)
|-
! 2S
| -rax
|-
! 3S
| -ra(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -ramox
|-
! 2P
| -ratex
|-
! 3P
| -ran(t)
|-
|}
====Pluperfect subjunctive====
The pluperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the following endings to the perfect stem:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! All classes
|-
! 1S
| -esse(n)
|-
! 2S
| -essex
|-
! 3S
| -esse(d/G)
|-
! 1P
| -essemox
|-
! 2P
| -essetex
|-
! 3P
| -essen(t)
|-
|}
====Imperative====
The imperative is formed by removing ''-x'' from the corresponding second person present indicative. This applies both in the singular and plural.
====Derived adjectives and nouns====
The following derived adjectives and nouns exist:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Participle !! Formation !! Remarks
|-
! Present participle
| Formed by removing ''-va(n)'' from the 1S imperfect indicative and adding ''-nte(n)''.
| 
|-
! Past participle
| Regularly formed by removing ''-re'' from the infinitive and adding ''-to(n)'' (m.)/''-ta(n)'' (f.).
| Many verbs have an irregular past participle.
|-
! Future participle
| Formed by removing the final vowel (''-o/a'') of the past participle and adding ''-uro(n)'' (m.)/''-ura(n)'' (f.).
| Means "about to X".
|-
! Gerundive
| Formed by removing ''-n(t)'' from the 3P present indicative and adding ''-ndo(n)'' (m.)/''-nda(n)'' (f.)
| Roughly equivalent to the suffix "-able" in English. Depending on the verb, it may have active or passive meaning.
|-
! Agent noun
| Formed by removing the final vowel (''-o/a'') of the past participle and adding ''-ore(n)'' (m.)/''-(t)rice(n)'' (f.).
| ''-(t)-'' is added in the feminine when it is not already present at the end of the past participle stem.
|-
|}

====PrincipL parts====
For the vast majority of verbs, whether regular or irregular, the full conjugation can be derived from the following four principal parts:
*Infinitive
*1S present indicative
*1S perfect indicative
*Past participle
====Irregular verbs====
=====''esse'' "to be"=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| esse
! colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| sente(n)
|-
! colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| futo(n)/futa(n)
! colspan="3"| Future participle
| colspan="3"| futuro(n)/futura(n)
|-
! colspan="3"| Gerundive
| colspan="3"| sondo(n)/sonda(n)
! colspan="3"| Agent noun
| colspan="3"| futore(n)/futrice(n)
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan=6 | Indicative !! colspan=4 | Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Perfect !! Pluperfect !! Future !! Future perfect !! Present !! Imperfect !! Perfect !! Pluperfect
|-
! 1S
| so(n) || era(n) || fue || essa(n) || ero || fuaro || fua(n) || esse(n) || fure(n) || fuesse(n) || 
|-
! 2S
|  ex || erax || fueste || essax || erex || fuarex || fuax || essex || furex || fuessex || ex
|-
! 3S
|  e(t) || era(d/G) || fue(d/G) || essa(d/G) || ere(d/G) || fuare(d/G) || fua(d/G) || esse(d/G) || fure(d/G) || fuesse(d/G) || 
|-
! 1P
| somox || eramox || fumox || essamox || ermox || fuarmox || fuamox || essemox || furemox || fuessemox || 
|-
! 2P
| estex || eratex || fuestex || essatex || ertex || fuartex || fuatex || essetex || furetex || fuessetex || este 
|-
! 3P
|  son(t) || eran(t) || furon(t) || essan(t) || eron(t) || fuaren(t) || fuan(t) || essen(t) || furen(t) || fuessen(t) ||
|-
|}

====Stem-changing verbs====
In stem-changing verbs, the stem changes depending on whether it is stressed or unstressed.

In most cases, this involves a vowel change. The main patterns are:
*Unstressed ''-e-'' > Stressed ''-ia-''
*Stressed ''-o-'' > Stressed ''-ua-''

Due to historical sound changes, there may also be consonant changes. Some examples include:
*Dropping of ''g-'' in the unstressed stem.
*Etc.

====Principle parts====
For the vast majority of verbs, whether regular or irregular, the full conjugation can be derived from the following four principle parts:
*Infinitive
*1S present indicative
*1S perfect indicative
*Past participle

====Compound tenses====

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->

==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===

Guabrix xiamnex nascon luebrox ed equox en degretaten e ggiorex. Son dotatox de razonen e cconscienza, e ddevent agre enter se seco ffratrex.

'''IPA (broad):''' /ˈɡwabriʃ ˈʃamneʃ ˈnaskon ˈlwebroʃ ed ekwoʃ en ˌdeɡreˈtaten e ˈdʒːoreʃ ‖ son doˈtatoʃ de raˈtsonen e kːonˈstʃentsa | e ˈdːevent ˈaɡre ˈenter se ˈseko ˈfːratreʃ/

'''IPA (narrow, with lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.βriʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈnas.kon ˈlʷeː.βro.ʃ‿eˈð‿eː.xʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɣɾe.ˈθaː.θe.n‿e‿ʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈθaː.θoʒ de ra.ˈsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːen.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɣɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈzeː.xo‿f.ˈfɾaː.θɾeʃ]

'''IPA (narrow, without lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.briʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈnas.kon ˈlʷeː.bro.ʃ‿eˈd‿eː.kʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɡɾe.ˈtaː.te.n‿e‿dʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈtaː.toʒ de ra.ˈtsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːen.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɡɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈseː.ko‿f.ˈfɾaː.tɾeʃ]

all-PL people they_are_born free-PL and equal-PL in dignitt and rights. they_are endowed of reason and conscience, and they_must act among themselves like brothers.
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'''Old Plevian:'''

Obrēs hemones loeberī et aequī en degnitāte et jōribis nascuntur. Dōtātī dē rātiōne et conscientiae sunt, et sēcut frātres inter sē agere dēbent.-->

==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

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[[Category:Plevian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]