View source for Nurian/Old

[[Nurian/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[Nurian/Swadesh list]]

{{Infobox language
|image = 
|imagesize = 
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''nūrimā''
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|pronunciation =
|region = Southwestern Talma 
|country = Nuria
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=qnr
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''gaffā nūrimā'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrim'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, and Lithuanian. Close relatives include [[Eevo]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Nurian is the official language of Nuria (''Nūrē'') in southwestern Talma. 

==Todo==

==Historical phonology==
*''-am -em -im -om -um -ym -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm -ȳm'' > ''-ą -ę -į -ą -ų -y̨ -ą -ę -į -ų -ų -y̨''
*''-s'' > ''-h''
*Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu''
*''e ē ei ea eā'' > ''e ē ei ia iā''
*''o, ō'' > ''a, uo''
*''ae oe ui ao eo iu'' > ''ai ȳ ui au iuo iū''
===Cluster assimilations===
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
*''pl bl ml fl tl dl cl gl ngl'' > ''ppi bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi kki ggi ngi''
*''ħl, ȝl'' > ''ħħ, ȝȝ'' 
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, dd, gg''
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ''
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
*''mr'' > ''nn''
*''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng''
*''mn'' > ''nn''
*''rC'' > ''CC''
*''lC'' > '':C''
*''ct'' > ''tt''
*''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative''
*''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv''

==Numbers==

==Phonology==
The Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 56 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.

There are two major accents of Standard Nurian.
===Phonotactics===
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant or consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/ and vowels are allowed.

===Dagȳne accent===

====Consonants====

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| 
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''mh''' m̊ˠ || '''mhi''' m̊ʲ
| '''nh''' n̪̊ˠ || 
| || '''nhi''' n̊ʲ
| 
| '''nghi''' ŋ̊ʲ
| '''ngh''' ŋ̊
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' mˠ || '''mi''' mʲ
| '''n''' n̪ˠ || 
| || '''ni''' nʲ
| 
| '''ngi''' ŋʲ
| '''ng''' ŋ
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
| '''t''' t̪ˠ || 
| || '''ti''' tʲ
| '''ċi''' tʃ
| '''ki''' kʲ
| '''k''' k
| 
| '''-r, -t''' ʔ
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || 
| || '''thi''' tʲʰ
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
| '''khi''' kʲʰ
| '''kh''' kʰ
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
| '''d''' d̪ˠ || 
| || '''di''' dʲ
| '''ġi''' dʒ
| '''gi''' ɡʲ
| '''g''' ɡ
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ
| '''θ''' θˠ || '''θi''' θʲ
| '''s''' sˠ || '''si''' sʲ
| 
| 
| 
| '''ħ, ħi''' ħ
| '''h, hi''' h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ
| '''δ''' ðˠ || '''δi''' ðʲ
| '''z''' zˠ || '''zi''' zʲ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| || 
| || 
| '''rh''' r̥ˠ || '''rhi''' r̥ʲ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| || 
| || 
| '''r''' rˠ || '''ri''' rʲ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| || 
| '''lh''' l̥ˠ || 
| || '''lhi''' l̥ʲ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| '''l''' lˠ ||
| || '''li''' lʲ
|  
|
| 
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| ||
| || 
| ||
| 
| '''j''' j
| 
| '''ȝ, ȝi''' ʕ
|
|}

;Notes
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized). 
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
*/tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
*/tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
*/θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
*/sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
*/lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
*/lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
*/ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
*Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
*/ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
*/ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
*/h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.

====Vowels====
Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! colspan="3" style="" |Central
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /ĩː/
| 
| 
| 
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
| /ũː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| [ɛ~æ]
| [æː]
|
| /a/ 
| /aː/
| /ãː/
| [ɑ]
| [ɑː]
|
|}

'''Diphthongs:''' /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/

;Notes
*Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
*/a aː/ each have three allophones:
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
*Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]

===Fiuġġēra accent===
The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain.
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes (Fiuġġēra)'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| 
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| m̊ʶ || m̊
| n̥ʶ || 
| || n̥
| 
| ɲ̊
| ŋ̊
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| mʶ || m
| n̪ʶ || 
| || n
| 
| ɲ
| ŋʶ
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pʶ || p
| tʶ || 
| || t
| tʃ
| k
| kʶ
| 
| ʔ
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| pʶʰ || pʰ
| tʶʰ || 
| || tʰ
| tʃʰ
| kʰ
| kʶʰ
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bʶ || b
| dʶ || 
| || d
| dʒ
| g
| ɡʶ
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fʶ || f
|  || θ
| sʶ || s
| 
| 
| 
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vʶ || 
| || ð
| zʶ || z
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| || 
| || 
| r̥ʶ || r̥
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| || 
| || 
| rʶ || r
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| || 
| ɬʶ || 
| || ɬ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| || l
|  
|
| 
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| wʶ || w
| || 
| ||
| 
| j
| 
| ʕ
|
|}


;Notes
*Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.

===Stress===
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable; 
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.

==Orthography==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonants'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''θ''!!''δ''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''k''!!''g''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/
|}

The pairs of aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ/, /tʰˠ tʰʲ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʲʰ kʰ/, /m̊ˠ m̊ʲ/, /n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ/, /ɲ̊ ŋ̊/, /l̥ˠ l̥ʲ/, /r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written {{angbr|''ph, th, ċh, kh, mh, nh, ngh, lh, rh''}}.

Final ''-r'' is pronounced /ʔ/.

===Vowels===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''a'': hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
*''ā'': hard /aː/ [ɑː]
*''ą'': hard /ãː/
*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
*''y'': hard /ɪ/ [ë]
*''y'': hard /iː/
*''y&#808;'': hard /ĩː/
*''u'': hard /ʊ/
*''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/
*''uo'': hard /uɔ/
*''ū'': hard /uː/
*''ų'': hard /ũː/
{{col-break}}
*''ia, e'': soft /a/ [ɛ]
*''iā, ē'': soft /aː/ [æː]
*''ią, ę'': soft /ãː/
*''iai, ei'': soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
*''iau'': soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
*''i'': soft /ɪ/
*''ī'': soft /iː/
*''į'': soft /ĩː/
*''iu'': soft /ʊ/
*''ui'': soft /ʊɪ/
*''iuo'': soft /uɔ/
*''iū'': soft /uː/
*''ių'': soft /ũː/
*''ie'': soft /iə/
{{col-end}}

==Grammar==
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order.
===Nouns===
Sgv-clv-plv system.

===Nouns and adjectives===
====Masculine nouns====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''θȳrą'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''θȳrą'' || ''θyθȳrą'' || ''θȳrīh'' 
|-
! Definite
| ''θȳrai'' || ''θyθȳrai'' || ''θȳrinny'' 
|}

====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gandā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gandā'' || ''gagandā'' || ''gandār'' 
|-
! Definite
| ''gandą'' || ''gagandą'' || ''gandāh'' 
|}

====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tettyh'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tettyh'' || ''tetettyh'' || ''tettȳn'' 
|-
! Definite
| ''tettȳh'' || ''tetettȳh'' || ''tettȳr'' 
|}

====Mass nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenāh'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | 
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenāh'' || ''jenenāh''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaȝeh'' || ''jenenaȝeh''
|}

===Verbs===
====TAM====
=====Present=====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussani'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassyni'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem) 
|-
| 1SG || tussani || tareni || aillini || kassyni
|-
| 2SG || tussar || tarer || aillir || kassyr
|-
| 3SG.M || tussą || tarę || aillį || kassy̨
|-
| 3SG.F || tussah || tareh || aillih || kassyh
|-
| 3SG.N || tussa || tare || ailli || kassy
|-
| 1EX || tussamē || taremē || aillimē || kassymē
|-
| 1IN || tussanti || tarenti || aillinti || kassynti
|-
| 2PL || tussaċċhi || tareċċhi || ailliċċhi || kassyċċhi
|-
| 3PL || tussati || tareti || ailliti || kassyti
|}

=====Imperfect=====
Reduplication rules:
*If word begins with C, redup first CV (V is shortened)
=====Preterite=====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussan'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''taren'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillin'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassyn'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem) 
|-
| 1SG || tussanne || tarenne || aillinne || ċēnne
|-
| 2SG || tussȳ || tarī || aillī || ċēvȳ
|-
| 3SG.M || tussamhi || taremhi || aillimhi || ċēmhi
|-
| 3SG.F || tussatthi || taretthi || aillitthi || ċētthi
|-
| 3SG.N || tussasa || taresa || aillisa || ċēsa
|-
| 1EX || tussamer || taremer || aillimer || ċēmer
|-
| 1IN || tussanter || tarenter || aillinter || ċēnter
|-
| 2PL || tussaċċher || tareċċher || ailliċċher || ċēċċher
|-
| 3PL || tussati || tareti || ailliti || ċēter
|}

==Syntax==
===Particles===
*''ank'' = 'and'
**''ħuġġiah ank pādī'' [ˈħʊdʒːæh æŋk paːdʲiː] = 'bread and milk'
*''nīh'' (/nʲiːh/) = 'not'

===Relative clauses===
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.

==Phrasebook==
*''Adduorī!'' = 'Hello!'
*''Malisā!'' = 'Thank you!'

==Sample texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:''Kakarai ħausį gagāry̨ ank θeθēvų di khussiū ank iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį gą ȝiabbī ank dȳkaluttī, siūȝą danθū fētariākah ħaibatthyh di helą venghimę.''
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈgaːrˠɘ̃ː k θʲɛˈθʲæːvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː k ˈɪdʒːɛtˠuː | æmʲːiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː gɑ̃ː ʕæbʲːiː k dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, sʲuːʕæ̃ː dˠɐnθˠuː fæːtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɪh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M with reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''

[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]