View source for Biscayan

: {{distinguish|text= the [[w:Biscayan dialect|Biscayan dialect]] of [[w:Basque language|Basque]]}}
{{ClassMeter
| Name          = Biscayan
| NativeName    = la ljengüa bisguena
| Type          = Synthetic
| Alignment     = Nominative-accusative
|adjective      = Initial
|adposition     = Final
|adverb         = Mixed
|article        = Final
|relativeclause = Initial
|nounclause     = Final
|order          = SVO
| Tonal         = No
| Declensions   = Yes
| Conjugations  = Yes
| Genders       = 2
| Nouns inflect according to...
| Case          = No
| Number        = Yes
| Definiteness  = Yes
| Gender        = No
| Verbs conjugate according to...
| Voice         = No
| Mood          = Yes
| Person        = Yes
| Tense         = Yes
| Aspect        = No
To what degree, from 0 to 100 where 100 is fully completed, is the respective part completed?
|Phonology      = 
|NounCases      = 
|NounDef        = 
|NounNumbers    = 
|NounGender     = 
|VerbPerson     = 
|VerbNumber     = 
|VerbAspect     = 
|VerbTense      = 
|VerbMood       = 
|VerbVoice      = 
|AdjCase        = 
|AdjNumber      = 
|AdjDef         = 
|AdjGen         = 
|AdjComparative = 
|AdjSuperlative = 
|Supine         = 
|Gerund         = 
|Participle     = 
|Infinitive     = 
|Modality       = 
|Words          = 
}}
{{latin league badge}}
==General information==
The Biscayan language (Biscayan: ''la ljengüa bisguena'', pronounced [[IPA for Biscayan|[la ˈʎɛŋgwa bizˈgɛna]]]) is a [[wikipedia:Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in the south-west of [[wikipedia:France|France]] and northern [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]. The language holds no official status in either France or Spain. As of 2009 there are 412,301 [[wikipedia:First language|native speakers]] of Biscayan.

The language has two numbers, singular and plural; two genders, masculine and feminine; and two cases, nominative and oblique.

==Phonology and orthography==
:''See also: [[IPA for Biscayan]]''
As Biscayan is a Romance language its phonology and orthography are rather similar to that of languages such as French, Catalan or Venetian. However, the orthographical representation of the phonemes /ɲ/ and /ʎ/ as "''nj''" and "''lj''" is unusual for Romance languages. This is thought to be due to the creation of ligatures of "''n''" and "''l''" with "''i''" which resembled "''nj''" and "''lj''". These were then abandoned in favour of the current orthography.
===Alphabet===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 780px; "
|+Biscayan alphabet
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|A a
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|B b
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|C c
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|D d
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|E e
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|F f
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|G g
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|''H h''
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|I i
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|J j
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|''K k''
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|L l
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|M m
|-
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[a]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[be]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[se]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[de]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ɛ]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ɛf]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ge]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|''[aʃ]''
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[i]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ʒe]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|''[ke]''
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ɛɫ]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ɛm]
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|N n
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|O o
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|P p
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|Q q
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|R r
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|S s
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|T t
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|U u
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|V v
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|''W w''
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|X x
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|''Y y''
! scope="col" style="width: 60px; text-align: center; "|Z z
|-
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ɛn]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[o]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[pe]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ku]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ɛɾ]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ɛs]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[te]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[u]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ve]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|''[ve dyplo]''
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[ʃe]
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|''[i gɾɛk]''
| scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60px; "|[zɛd]
|}
*The italicised letters are only used in foreign words, such as place names.

===Consonants===
====Consonant chart====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 900px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Bilabial
!  style="width: 90px; "|Labio-dental
!  style="width: 90px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 90px; "|Post-alveolar
!  style="width: 90px; "|Palatal
!  style="width: 90px; "|Labio-palatal
!  style="width: 90px; "|Labio-velar
!  style="width: 90px; "|Velar
!  style="width: 90px; "|Uvular
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m
| 
| n
| 
| ɲ
| 
| 
| ŋ
| 
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p b
| 
| t d
| 
| 
|
|
| k g
| 
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| 
| f v
| s z
| ʃ ʒ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ʁ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| 
| 
| t͡s d͡z
| t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| 
| 
| 
| 
| j
| ɥ
| w
| 
| 
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
| 
| 
| ɾ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| 
| 
| l
| 
| ʎ
| 
|
| ɫ
| 
|}

====Graphemes====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 600px; "
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 75px; "|Grapheme
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; "|IPA
! scope="col" style="width: 450px; text-align: left; "|Notes
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|B
| style="text-align: center;"|b
| style="text-align: center;"|[b]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|C
| style="text-align: center;"|c
| style="text-align: center;"|[k], [s]
| style="text-align: left;"|[k] before "''a''", "''o''" and "''u''"; [s] before "''e''" and "''i''"
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ç
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]
| style="text-align: left;"|used instead of "''c''" before "''a''", "''o''" and "''u''"
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|D
| style="text-align: center;"|d
| style="text-align: center;"|[d]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|DS
| style="text-align: center;"|ds
| style="text-align: center;"|[d͡z]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|DX
| style="text-align: center;"|dx
| style="text-align: center;"|[d͡ʒ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|F
| style="text-align: center;"|f
| style="text-align: center;"|[f]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|G
| style="text-align: center;"|g
| style="text-align: center;"|[g], [ʒ]
| style="text-align: left;"|[[g] before "''a''", "''o''" and "''u''"; [ʒ] before "''e''" and "''i''"
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|GU
| style="text-align: center;"|gu
| style="text-align: center;"|[g]
| style="text-align: left;"|used instead of "''g''" before "''e''" and "''i''"
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|GÜ
| style="text-align: center;"|gü
| style="text-align: center;"|[gw]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|J
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʒ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|L
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|[l], [ɫ]
| style="text-align: left;"|word final and preconsonantal /l/ is realised as [ɫ]
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|LJ
| style="text-align: center;"|lj
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʎ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|M
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|[m]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|N
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|[n], [ŋ]
| style="text-align: left;"|/n/ is realised as [ŋ] before /k/ and /g/
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|NJ
| style="text-align: center;"|nj
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɲ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|P
| style="text-align: center;"|p
| style="text-align: center;"|[p]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|QU
| style="text-align: center;"|qu
| style="text-align: center;"|[k]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|QÜ
| style="text-align: center;"|qü
| style="text-align: center;"|[kw]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|R
| style="text-align: center;"|r
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɾ], [ʁ]
| style="text-align: left;"|/ɾ/ becomes [ʁ] when word initial
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|RR
| style="text-align: center;"|rr
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʁ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|S
| style="text-align: center;"|s
| style="text-align: center;"|[s], [z]
| style="text-align: left;"| "''s''" is pronounced [z] when intervocalic and preconsonantally syllable final
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|SS
| style="text-align: center;"|ss
| style="text-align: center;"|[s]
| style="text-align: left;"|used intervocalically instead of "''s''"
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|T 
| style="text-align: center;"|t
| style="text-align: center;"|[t]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|TS
| style="text-align: center;"|ts
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡s]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|TX
| style="text-align: center;"|tx
| style="text-align: center;"|[t͡ʃ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|V
| style="text-align: center;"|v
| style="text-align: center;"|[v]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|X
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|[ʃ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Z
| style="text-align: center;"|z
| style="text-align: center;"|[z]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|}

===Vowels===
====Vowel chart====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 400px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 100px; "|
!  style="width: 100px; "|Front
!  style="width: 100px; "|Central
!  style="width: 100px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| i y
| 
| u
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close-mid
| e ø
| 
| o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid
| 
| ə
| 
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open-mid
| ɛ œ
| 
| ɔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
| a 
| 
| 
|}
====Graphemes====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 700px; "
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 75px; "|Grapheme
! scope="col" style="width: 75px; "|IPA
! scope="col" style="width: 550px; text-align: left; "|Notes
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|A
| style="text-align: center;"|a
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|À
| style="text-align: center;"|à
| style="text-align: center;"|[a]
| style="text-align: left;"|used to distinguish homophones and stress
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|E
| style="text-align: center;"|e
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɛ], [ə]
| style="text-align: left;"|[ɛ] when stressed and [ə] when unstressed
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|È
| style="text-align: center;"|è
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɛ]
| style="text-align: left;"|used to distinguish homophones or stress
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ê
| style="text-align: center;"|ê
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɛ]
| style="text-align: left;"|used to distinguish homophones
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|É
| style="text-align: center;"|é
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ER
| style="text-align: center;"|er
| style="text-align: center;"|[e]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|EU
| style="text-align: center;"|eu
| style="text-align: center;"|[œ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|EÛ
| style="text-align: center;"|eû
| style="text-align: center;"|[ø]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|I
| style="text-align: center;"|i
| style="text-align: center;"|[i], [j]
| style="text-align: left;"|[j] when post-consonantal
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ï
| style="text-align: center;"|ï
| style="text-align: center;"|[j]
| style="text-align: left;"|used word initially or intervocalically
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|O
| style="text-align: center;"|o
| style="text-align: center;"|[o]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ò
| style="text-align: center;"|ò
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɔ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ô
| style="text-align: center;"|ô
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɔ]
| style="text-align: left;"|used to distinguish homophones or stress
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|OE
| style="text-align: center;"|oe
| style="text-align: center;"|[œ]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|U
| style="text-align: center;"|u
| style="text-align: center;"|[u]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ü
| style="text-align: center;"|ü
| style="text-align: center;"|[u], [w]
| style="text-align: left;"|used to distinguish homophones or stress; [w] when post-consonantal or word initial
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Û
| style="text-align: center;"|û
| style="text-align: center;"|[y]
| style="text-align: left;"| -
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|Ù
| style="text-align: center;"|ù
| style="text-align: center;"|[y], [ɥ]
| style="text-align: left;"|used to distinguish homophones or stress; [ɥ] when post-consonantal
|}

===Word stress===
In Biscayan word stress normally falls on the penultimate syllable. If this is not the case stress is usually marked with an accent. For example:
*"''òvô''" is pronounced /ɔˈvɔ/, however if it were spelt "''òvò''" it would be pronounced /ˈɔvɔ/.

It is also important to note that when "''é''" appears only once it a word it is the stressed syllable, however, if it occurs more than once then stress patterns as normal.
*"''révoluciò''" is pronounced /ˈʁevolusjɔ/.<!--FRA-->
*"''préférir''" is pronounced /pɾeˈfeɾir/.

===Use of capital letters===
Capital letters are used sparingly in Biscayan. Unlike in English they are not used for "''eù''" ("I"), days of the week, months of the year or nouns or adjectives of nationalities and language. As in English they are not used for adherents of non-partisan ideologies but they are used for adherents of religions.
*"''lûndia''" ("Monday")
*"''eûgustò''" ("August")
*"''lo Païo euscaro''" ("the Basque Country")
*"''on'inglès''" ("an Englishman")
*"''on'indu''" ("a Hindu")
They are however used for countries, places and religions themselves as well as given names.
*"''França''" ("France")
*"''Tolosò''" ("Toulouse")
*"''Islàm''" ("Islam")
*"''Matieu''" ("Matthew")

==Grammar==
===Case system===
Like all [[wikipedia:Romance languages|Romance languages]], Biscayan is descended from [[wikipedia:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]] and as a remnant of this has retained a weak case system. There are just two cases, the nominative and the oblique. The collapse of cases into the oblique means that declensions, moreover nominal declensions, can be unpredictable and this has resulted in several declension paradigms. Personal pronouns have retained more of the case system, with most having distinct accusative and dative forms.

====Nominative====
The nominative case (Biscayan: ''lo cas nòminativ'', [ˈlo ˈkas nɔmiˈnativ]) marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or adjective. It is also used to simply name an object and is the dictionary form of the noun.

====Oblique====
The oblique case (Biscayan: ''lo cas oblìc'', [ˈlo ˈkas oˈblik]) is used to mark the object of either a verb or a preposition, that is something that is in the oblique case cannot be the subject of a verb.

===Articles===
====Definite====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"
!Gender →
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Masculine
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Feminine
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Partitive
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Partitive
|-
!Nominative
|lo, ''el''
|los
|dellos
|la, ''l'''
|les
|delles
|-
!Oblique
|le, ''el''
|elos
|dellos
|le, ''l'''
|eles
|delles
|}
*Italicised articles are prevocalic variants.

====Indefinite====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 600px; text-align:center"
!
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Masculine
! colspan="3" scope="col"|Feminine
|-
!
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Partitive
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 100px; "|Partitive
|-
!Nominative
|ono, ''on'''
|onos
|dos
|ona, ''on'''
|onas
|das
|-
!Oblique
|uno, ''un'''
|unos
|des
|una, ''un'''
|unas
|des
|}
*Italicised articles are prevocalic variants.
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Nominal gender is usually distinguished by ending. Masculine nouns normally end in a consonant, "''o''" (and accented variants), "''e''" (and accented variants) and "''u''". Feminine nouns usually end in "''a''" (and accented variants) but may also end in "''e''" (and accented variants). Words ending in "''i''" are also usually masculine.
*"''ljeon''" (''m'', "lion")
*"''papago''" (''m'', "parrot")
*"''caribu''" (''m'', "caribou")
*"''monja''" (''f'', "mountain")
*"''serpe''" (''m'', "snake"); "''serpe''" (''f'', "snake")

The feminine versions of nouns are usually produced from the masculine by adding "''a''" or thus replacing the terminating vowel.
*"''cano''" (''m'', "dog");"''cana''" (''f'', "bitch")
*"''catto''" (''m'', "tom-cat"); "''catta''" (''f'', "she-cat")
*"''filjo''" (''m'', "son"); "''filja''" (''f'', "daughter")
*"''sinjor''" (''m'', "mister"); "''sinjora''" (''f'', "missus")

====Declensions====
=====First declension=====
First declension nouns end in consonants.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
!Translation →
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''seed''
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''root''
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|sem
|semus
|radiç
|radiçus
|-
!Oblique
|seme
|semes
|radice
|radices
|}
*Note the mutation of "''ç''" to "''c''" before "''e''" when "''radiç''" is declined.

=====Second declension=====
Second declension nouns end in "''a''", "''à''" or "''é''".
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
!Translation →
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''language, tongue''
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''brotherhood''
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ljengüa
|ljengüi
|fratronité
|fratroniti
|-
!Oblique
|ljengüé
|ljengüis
|fratronita
|fratronitas
|}

=====Third declension=====
Second declension nouns end in "''o''" (and accent variants) or "''u''" (and accent variants),.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
!Translation →
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''bird''
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''fish''
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|eûço
|eûços
|denò
|denòs
|-
!Oblique
|eûce
|eûces
|dene
|denes
|}

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
!Translation →
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''owl''
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''road''
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ibu
|ibus
|rû
|rûs
|-
!Oblique
|ibeu
|ibeus
|reû
|reûs
|}
<!--"ibu" from French "hibou"-->
<!--"rû" from French "rue"-->

=====Fourth declension=====
Fourth declension nouns end in "''i''".
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 425px; text-align:center"
!Translation →
! colspan="2" scope="col"|''zombie''
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|zombi
|zombe
|-
!Oblique
|zombé
|zombés
|}
*Note that the stress in "''zombi''" shifts when oblique.

=====Irregular nouns=====
There are a number of irregular nouns in Biscayan. There are, however, also many which are not completely irregular, for example, they may be of mixed declension pattern.

Common irregular nouns:
*"''{{term|abric}}''" (m, "cloak")
*"''{{term|òs}}''" (m, "bone")
*"''{{term|té}}''" (m, "tea")
*"''{{term|xa}}''" (f, "tea")
*<small>More to come...</small>

===Adjectives===
====Declensions====
=====First declension=====
First declension adjectives end in "''o''" (and accented variants) in the nominative masculine singular.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
!Translation →
! colspan="4" scope="col"|''public''
|-
!Gender →
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Masculine
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Feminine
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|pûblico
|pûblicos
|pûblica
|pûblic
|-
!Oblique
|pûbliqui
|pûbliquis
|pûblique
|pûbliques
|}
*Note the mutation of "''c''" to "''qu''" before "''i''" and "''e''" in order to keep the /k/ sound.
<!--"pûblico" from Latin "pūblicus"-->
=====Second declension=====
Second declension adjectives end in "''e''" (and accented variants) in the nominative masculine singular.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
!Translation →
! colspan="4" scope="col"|''some''
|-
!Gender →
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Masculine
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Feminine
|-
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Singular
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|Plural
|-
!Nominative
|alqué
|alqués
|alqué
|alqués
|-
!Oblique
|alqui
|alquix
|alqui
|alquix
|}
<!--"alqué" from Latin "alter"-->
<!--
====Possessive====
====Demonstrative====
====Interrogative====
====Relative====
====Indefinite====
====Comparison====
====Superlative====
-->

===Adverbs===
====Manner====
In Biscayan, adverbs of manner are formed simply, much as in English. Adjectives that in "''o''" replace this with "''emente''" while adjectives that end in "''e''" simply add "''mente''". These roughly correspond to the English "ly".
*"''rapido''" /ʁaˈpido/ ("quick"); "''rapidemente''" /ʁapidəˈmɛntə/ ("quickly")
*"''pûblico''" /ˈpybliko/ ("public"); "''publiquemente''" /publikəˈmɛntə/ ("publicly")
*"''feminino''" /ˈfɛminino/ ("feminine"); "''femininemente''" /fɛmininəˈmɛntə/ ("femininely")
There are however some exceptions to this rule and the majority are shown below.

====Degree and quantity====
<!--enough, too many, as many, as much, much, as, plenty, so many, many, a lot, more, few, fewer, less, very, quite, rather, a little, somewhat, mostly, several, almost, nearly, so, extremely, too-->
====Time====
<!--Presently, then, next, after(wards), before(hand), today, yesterday, tomorrow, formerly, soon, already, since, henceforth, again, at last, (n)ever, for a long time, at that time, now, nowadays, currently, sometimes, often, previously, late, early, still, always-->
====Place====
<!--around, behind, inside, outside, below, above, everywhere, elsewhere, there, here, far, near, close-->
====Interrogative====
<!--How much, how many, -->
====Other====
<!--Affirmation, negation, doubt et cetera-->

<!--
===Numerals===
====Cardinal====
====Ordinal====
====Adverbial====
====Multiplier====
====Distributive====
-->

===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
|+Singular
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|1<sup>st</sup> person
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup> person
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup> person masc
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup> person fem
|-
!Nominative
|eù
|tù
|elè
|ela
|-
!Accusative
|me
|te
|lò
|là
|-
!Dative
|mi
|ti
|lé
|lé
|-
!Reflexive
|me
|te
|se
|sa
|-
!Disjunctive
|ïo
|to
|elè
|ela
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 725px; text-align:center"
|+Plural
!Case ↓
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|1<sup>st</sup> person
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup> person
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup> person masc
!scope="col" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup> person fem
|-
!Nominative
|nòs
|vòs
|elès
|elas
|-
!Accusative
|nòs
|vòs
|lòs
|las
|-
!Dative
|nosso
|vosso
|lés
|lés
|-
!Reflexive
|no
|vo
|se
|sa
|-
!Disjunctive
|nosi
|vosi
|elès
|elas
|}
<!--
====Order====
====Demonstrative====
====Indefinite====

===Verbs===

===Prepositions===

===Conjunctions===

===Syntax===
-->

==Vocabulary==
===Contionary===
[[:Category:Biscayan words|Biscayan]]:
*[[:Category:Biscayan nouns|nouns]]
*[[:Category:Biscayan verbs|verbs]]
===Swadesh list===
<!--
sêr/essar = to be
gutèr     = to taste (from French)
gostar de = to like (from Portuguese)
amar      = to love (romantic, from Latin)
adorèr    = to love (to be infatuated with, stronger than "amar", from French)
-->
{{swadesh
|nativename        = la ljengüa bisguena
|language          = Biscayan
|I                 = eù
|you (singular)    = tû
|he                = elè
|we                = nòs
|you (plural)      = vòs
|they              = elès
|this              = estò
|that              = elò
|here              = ic
|there             = li
|who               = qui
|what              = qué
|where             = ovi<!--ITA-->
|when              = quandò
|how               = como<!--ESP-->
|not               = nò
|all               = tòto
|many              = multo
|some              = alqué
|few               = peûco
|other             = altro
|one               = ono
|two               = dòs<!--ESP-->
|three             = tres
|four              = quatòr
|five              = cinc<!--FRA-->
|big               = grando
|long              = longo
|wide              = largo
|thick             = crebo
|heavy             = gravo
|small             = pitlo
|short             = cûrto
|narrow            = annusto
|thin              = maçro
|woman             = fema
|man (adult male)  = umò
|man (human being) = umanò
|child             = imfanò
|wife              = mulra
|husband           = marito
|mother            = matra
|father            = patro
|animal            = animal
|fish              = pixo
|bird              = eûço
|dog               = cano
|louse             = pediço
|snake             = serpe
|worm              = ver<!--FRA-->
|tree              = arbro
|forest            = bosco
|stick             = fusto
|fruit             = fruxo
|seed              = sem
|leaf              = foljò
|root              = radiç
|bark              = corteç
|flower            = floro
|grass             = erba
|rope              = txorda
|skin              = peljo
|meat              = carno
|blood             = sannüo
|bone              = òs
|fat               = crasso
|egg               = òvô
|horn              = corno
|tail              = queûda
|feather           = pluma
|hair              = capiljo
|head              = capa
|ear               = eûrica
|eye               = oclo
|nose              = naso
|mouth             = oro
|tooth             = denò
|tongue            = ljengüa
|fingernail        = unga
|foot              = pedo
|leg               = crûs
|knee              = gueno
|hand              = manò
|wing              = ala
|belly             = ventro
|guts              = intestinos
|neck              = coljò
|back              = dorsò
|breast            = pexo
|heart             = coer<!--FRA-->
|liver             = ficatò
|drink             = bibèr
|eat               = edèr
|bite              = morder
|suck              = sûguèr
|spit              = sperèr
|vomit             = vomitar
|blow              = flar
|breathe           = respirar
|laugh             = rider
|see               = vêr
|hear              = eûdir
|know              = xèr
|think             = côctar
|smell             = sentir
|fear              = timèr
|sleep             = dormir
|live              = vir
|die               = moerèr
|kill              = necrar
|fight             = luxèr
|hunt              = xasèr<!--FRA-->
|hit               = batter
|cut               = secar
|split             = divider
|stab              = punguer
|scratch           = xalper
|dig               = sappar
|swim              = natar
|fly               = volar
|walk              = gradèr
|come              = venir
|lie               = jacèr
|sit               = sedèr
|stand             = star
|turn              = torquèr
|fall              = cader
|give              = dar
|hold              = tenèr
|squeeze           = stringuer
|rub               = fricar
|wash              = lavar
|wipe              = xucar
|pull              = traïer
|push              = peljer
|throw             = lançar
|tie               = ligar
|sew               = cosüer
|count             = contar
|say               = dicer
|sing              = cantar
|play              = jocar
|float             = boïar
|flow              = flùir
|freeze            = glaçar
|swell             = imflar
|sun               = solò
|moon              = lûna
|star              = stelja
|water             = agüa<!--POR-->
|rain              = xuva<!--POR-->
|river             = rivo
|lake              = laco
|sea               = mar<!--POR-->
|salt              = sal
|stone             = petra
|sand              = aréa
|dust              = pulvo
|earth             = terra
|cloud             = nû<!--FRA-->
|fog               = neba
|sky               = célò
|wind              = vento
|snow              = niç
|ice               = guelo
|smoke             = fûmo
|fire              = foco
|ash               = cino
|burn              = adèr
|road              = rû<!--FRA-->
|mountain          = monja
|red               = vermiljo
|green             = vere
|yellow            = galbo
|white             = blanco
|black             = nùerro
|night             = noç
|day               = dia
|year              = anjo
|warm              = caldo
|cold              = friço
|full              = pleno
|new               = novo
|old               = viexo
|good              = bono
|bad               = malo
|rotten            = putrit
|dirty             = sordido
|straight          = rexo
|round             = guro
|sharp             = acûto
|dull              = bruto
|smooth            = levo
|wet               = moljatò
|dry               = sisso
|correct           = correxo
|near              = proxo
|far               = distanò
|right             = detxo
|left              = sinistro
|at                = a
|in                = en
|with              = cô
|and               = é
|if                = sé
|because           = proqué
|name              = nòm
|languagecount     = 1}}

==Example texts==
*[[Translation:The North Wind and the Sun/Biscayan|The North Wind and the Sun]] (Lo Vetò do Norte é lo Solò)

[[Category:Biscayan]]